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Biology: > 4.6 - Circulatory System > Flashcards

4.6 - Circulatory System Flashcards

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1
Q

Define the circulatory system

A

transport of nutrients and oxygen, and the removal of metabolic wastes is carried out through blood by a transport system called circulatory system

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2
Q

What does the circulatory system consist of (3)

A

heart, blood, blood vessels

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3
Q

what are the three principle fluids in our body

A

blood

tissue fluid

lymph

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4
Q

where are the lymph vessels

A

they run alongside blood vessels of the circulatory system

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5
Q

what is tissue fluid? and what is it also called

A

occupies the spaces between individual cells of the body

also called interstitial/ intercellular fluid

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6
Q

What is a closed vascular system (2)

A
  • blood flows through blood vessels and its flow is regulated by heart
  • the heart i.e. pumping organ pushes and receives blood to and from the whole body via blood vessels
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7
Q

what is a open vascular system (2)

A
  • blood flows from heart to body tissues without vessels
  • seen in certain animals like insects
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8
Q

five functions of circulatory system

A
  • transport of substances
  • removal of metabolic wastes
  • maintains body temperature
  • protects body from certain diseases
  • regulates bodily activities by transporting hormones
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9
Q

define ‘heart’

A

muscular organ made up of specialized organs called cardiac muscles

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10
Q

how much does heart weigh

A

225 - 340 grams

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11
Q

where is heart located (2)

A
  • centre of chest cavity
  • tip slightly tilted to the left side
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12
Q

what is pericardium (3)

A

a protective double layered membrane called pericardium encloses the heart

space between two membranes is filled with pericardial fluid

protects heart from any shocks, jerks or mechanical damage

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13
Q

main function of heart

A

receive and pump blood, keep it circulating in body through blood vessels

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14
Q

what divides the heart into left and right portions

A

a membrane called ‘septum’

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15
Q

how many chambers are there in the heart? name them

A

4 chambers total

two auricles/atriums
two ventricles

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16
Q

atria (2)

A
  • receiving chambers
  • smaller and have thin walls
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17
Q

ventricles (2)

A
  • distributing chambers
  • bigger with thicker walls
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18
Q

why are ventricles thicker and bigger than auricles?

A

bigger in size, walls are thicker, elastic and muscular so as to pump efficiently pump blood to different parts of the body

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19
Q

valve between right atrium and right ventricle

A

tricuspid valve

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20
Q

valve between left atrium and left ventricle

A

biscuspid valve

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21
Q

function of valves

A

regulate flow of blood in direction i.e from auricles to ventricles

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22
Q

right ventricle empties into

A

pulmonary artery

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23
Q

left ventricle empties into

A

aorta (largest artery)

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24
Q

function of semi lunar valves + their location

A

present in ventricles

they ensure the blood does not flow back into the ventricles

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25
what is the importance of sinoatrial/ SA node (3)
it generates an electric impulse which controls the contraction and simultaneous relaxation of the heart responsible for setting the rhythm for contractions and relaxations of the heart i.e the heart beat called the 'natural pacemaker of the heat'
26
where is the SA node located
upper right corner of the right atrium
27
what are blood vessels
blood vessels form a complex network of conducting tubes that carry blood throughout the body
28
direction of blood flow in arteries
from heart to various parts of body
29
what is the function of capillaries (2)
- finest blood vessels interconnecting the arteries and veins - exchange of carbon dioxide water, oxygen, nutrients and other waste materials takes place between blood and body tissues
30
direction of blood flow in veins
from different parts of body to the heart
31
exception of artery nature of blood
pulmonary artery (carries deoxygenated blood)
32
exception of veins nature of blood
pulmonary vein (carries oxygenated blood)
33
why is the blood that is pumped into the aorta (via left ventricle) pumped with great pressure
because the blood has to reach all parts of the body
34
Two parts of Double Circulation
- pulmonary circulation (where deoxygenated is sent to lungs to be oxygenised) - systemic circulation (where oxygenated blood if sent to the rest of the body)
35
function of the vena cavae (3)
bring deoxygenated blood into right atrium Superior vena cava brings from upper parts of the body Inferior vena cava brings from lower parts of the body
36
direction of pulmonary veins
oxy blood from lungs to left atrium
37
direction of pulmonary trunk
de-oxy blood from right ventricle to lungs (splits into right and left pulmonary arteries each going into one lung)
38
aorta
leaves left ventricle carrying oxy blood to the rest of the body
39
coronary artery
distributes oxy blood into walls of heart (branch of the aorta)
40
coronary vein
collects de-oxy blood from walls of heart and puts into right atrium
41
what is double circulation
the blood passes through the heart twice (once when it is deoxygenated and once when it is oxygenated). this is called double circulation
42
explain tissue fluid (2)
- When blood flows through the capillaries of tissues, the plasma and leucocytes leak out through the walls and bathe the tissue cells - This is called the tissue fluid, or inter/extracellular fluid
43
Why is tissue fluid so important?
- It is from this tissue fluid that the cells absorb oxygen and other required substances (and give out carbon dioxide and other waste materials) to it.
44
Explain lymph (2)
- Some tissue fluid is reabsorbed into blood vessels - Most of it enters another set of minute channels (called lymph vessels) and then it is called lymph
45
How does lymph flow in lymph vessels
Due to the contraction of the surrounding muscles
46
Where is the lymph drained?
Lymph vessels drain lymph into lymph nodes, from where fresh lymph channels arise
47
Where do the lymph channels ultimately pour out?
Into major anterior veins close to their entry into the right auricle
48
What does the lymphatic system consist of? (4)
spleen tonsils conducting network of lymph vessels circulating lymph
49
composition of lymph (2)
Cellular part - leukocytes (lymphocytes) Non-cellular part - mostly water (94) and proteins, antibodies, fats, carbs, enzymes (etc.)
50
functions of the lymph (4)
- supplies nutrition + oxygen where blood cannot reach - drains excess tissue fluid + metabolites + returns proteins to blood - Fats in the intestine are absorbed through lymphatics - lymphocytes and monocytes protect the body; lymphatics remove bacteria from the tissues
51
what are lymph vessels are called
lymphatics
52
lymph is part of which circulatory system?
open circulatory system
53
in 1900, who identified different types of blood groups in humans
Karl Landsteiner
54
What basis are the blood groups found by K. Landsteiner differentiated upon?
presence of proteins (antigens) on the surface of the RBCs.
55
How many types of antigens are there? What are they?
Two - A and B
56
4 types of blood groups
A (antigen A) B (antigen B) AB (both antigens) O (neither of the antigens)
57
what is the universal donor and why
O is universal donor Blood of O group can be given to all the blood groups
58
what is the universal recipient and why
AB is the universal recipient AB can receive blood from all types
59
what is the matching of blood groups called
Blood group compatibility
60
Palpitations (2)
- what: when your heart is beating too hard/ too fast or even skipping a beat - cause: stress/anxiety, eating certain types of food
61
Hypertension (2)
what: When the blood flows through the blood vessels with a force greater than normal can cause strain on the heart, damage to blood vessels, increased risk of heart attack or stroke.
62
Heart attack (4 - W, C, R, S)
What: sudden interruption of blood supply to the heart cause: usually caused by a blood clot that prevents the flow of oxygenated blood to the cardiac muscles Result: part of the cardiac muscle dies (permanent damage caused) Symptoms: uncomfortable pressure, tightness, or squeezing pain in the chest, pain spreading to the neck, jaw, teeth, arms, dizziness, sweating, nausea
63
Cardiac arrest (4)
What: cardiac arrest occurs when the heart suddenly stops pumping blood around the body Cause: Coronary artery disease, where the walls of these arteries thicken due to deposition of fat or plaque. Result: if not treated within minutes, it usually results in death Symptoms: loss of consciousness, breathing stops/abnormal breathing
64
what are some less common causes for cardiac arrest (6)
major blood loss intense physical exercise lack of oxygen low potassium levels heart failure intense physical exercise
65
5 ways of keeping the heart healthy
- eating healthy food and doing regular exercise - avoiding too many oily or fried foods - eating plenty of fiber-containing foods - avoid eating too much sugar - regular walking, jogging, cycling and playing outdoor games
66
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Biology: (2 decks)

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