11. White Blood Cells + Innate imm system

Question 1

name the 3 granulocytes

Answer 1

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

Question 2

name the 3 lymphocytes

Answer 2

B Lymphocytes
T Lymphocytes
Natural killer cell

Question 3

which WBC in its own catgory

Answer 3

monocyte

Question 4

why are large orgnaisms e.g. worms tricky to kill

Answer 4

• cannot be engulfed and digested
• has a protective sheath that neutrohphils find it hard to get through

Question 5

why are bacteria hard to kill

Answer 5

needs to be killed or AT LEAST sequestered quick and effective before they can replicate/cause damage

Question 6

why are viruses tricky to kill

Answer 6

hidden from immune system inside normal cells

Question 7

why tetanus called lockjaw

Answer 7

bacteria produces a toxin that enters CNS
which causes mucles to spasm
can eventually cause breathing problems

Question 8

what cell is responsible for getting rid of toxins or small blood pathogens

Answer 8

B lymphocytes

Question 9

covid 19: something to detect vcovid 19 exposure

Answer 9

detecting neutralising antibodies

Question 10

covid 19: something other than neutralising antibodies that may be important in long term protection

Answer 10

t-cell resposne

Question 11

cells of the INNATE immune system

Answer 11

neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils
monocytes

Question 12

2 mechanisms of recognition of pathogen

Answer 12

PAMPS – pathogen associated molecular pattern

DAMPS (cell walls etc) – damage associated molecular patterns (released DNA etc)

Question 13

4 main steps of pathogen recognition and response

Answer 13

1. increased production of appropriate white cells
2. recruitment of white cells to correct place
   3 . activation of white cells to improve function
3. control to limit self harm from white cell response

Question 14

how might productioin of appropriate white cells be increased

Answer 14

cytokines acting on haematopoiesis
e.g. G-CSF = more neutrophil
GM-CSF
M-CSF

Question 15

how do white cells get recruited to the correct place

Answer 15

response caused by DAMPS and PAMPS = release of chemokines
which signal other wbcs to come

Question 16

example of chemokines

Answer 16

interleukin 8
attracts neutrophils
(diff ones attract diff cells duh)

Question 17

what allows white cells to be activated

Answer 17

cytokines and chemokines
‘prime’ the cells

Question 18

example of how G-CSF primes neutrophils

Answer 18

increases adhesion, granulation (=hypergranular), responsiveness

Question 19

what would limit the WBC response

Answer 19

was the cause of infection (whatever pathogen) is killed, DAMPS and PAMPS decrease
= the first 3 steps decrease

Question 20

which cells kill bacteria

Answer 20

neutrophils and monocytes

Question 21

how long do neutrophils survive

Answer 21

12-24 hrs in blood
24-48hrs in tissues
(most die wihtout doing anything cuz never get stimulated)

Question 22

what is released in infection that enhances neutrophil function

Answer 22

cytokines and chemokines

Question 23

how do neutrophils adhere to bacteria

Answer 23

using adhesion receptors

Question 24

what types of granules fuse with phagosome to destroy bacteria

Answer 24

• microbiocidal = myeloperoxidase, lysozymes
• acid hydrolases
• iron binding

Question 25

what is extracellular trap that can be used to immobilise bacteria

Answer 25

DNA net

Question 26

3 ways neutrophils prevent tissue damage

Answer 26

- phagocytosis = destroys internally - enzymes contents work best at low pH, so dont do much outside the cell - neutrophils apoptose after it kills cells

Question 27

when do monocytes turn up

Answer 27

- continue effects of neutrophil at later stage

Question 28

monocytes life span

Answer 28

17hr in blood then enter tissues where they can survive a few weeks

Question 29

3 functions of monocytes

Answer 29

- pahgocytose bacteria - form granuloma = "wall in" pathogens - remove dead cells and promote wound healing

Question 30

name a disease that macrophages act on

Answer 30

TB the bacteria can survive here for extended periods

Question 31

which 2 cells are responsible for killing larger organisms

Answer 31

eosinophils (red) and basophils (blue) (functionally basically the same) difference in staining = do this by releasing granules into tissues

Question 32

eosinophil granules: histamine

Answer 32

- dilate blood vessels - causes swelling to trap invading organism

Question 33

eosinophil granules: active proteins

Answer 33

- nucleases - lipases = these are relatively non toxic to our tissues and swelling means they dont migrate too far

Question 34

what granules do basophils have

Answer 34

- histamine - serotonin = these 2 dilate blood vessels - heparin = prevents clotting - enzymes = break down tissue matrix = easier for immune cells to get in - IL4 = stimulates immune reactions

Question 35

what chediak-hihashi syndrome

Answer 35

abnromal granules in neutrophils

Question 36

what is autoimmune neutropenia

Answer 36

Too few neutrophils = immune system attacks neutrophils = less in blood

Question 37

how might someone get too many neutrophils

Answer 37

e.g. during chemotherapy recovery, may need to inject with GS-CSF and this can cause too many to be produced

Question 38

what is a disease caused by too many neutrophils

Answer 38

rheumatoid arthiritis

Question 39

key symptom of rheumatoid arthiritis

Answer 39

ulnar drift

Question 40

rheumatoid arthiritis treatment

Answer 40

immunosuppresants e.g. methotrexate

Question 41

how can eosinophils cause disease

Answer 41

Eosinophils can release their granules quite easily e.g. when travelling through heart valves, can encounter trauma by valves, See this as a threat and release their granules = damage to heart valves

Question 42

basophils disease

Answer 42

main one is asthma: Hyperactive basophils = can trigger asthma = too many histamines and serotonin released = swelling of airways

Question 43

what is cytokine storm

Answer 43

cytokines and chemokines cause excessive activaiton of inflammatory cells = destroy normal tissues = these release more cytokines = uncontrolled inflammation

Question 44

cytokine storm in covid 19

Answer 44

B and T lymphocytes which usually respond to viral infection become uncontrolled = inappropriate activation of innate immune system = increasing cytokine release = multi organ damage

Question 45

what can be used to prevent cytokine storm

Answer 45

dexamethosone (steroids) must be used at early stage