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BIOL21361 Haematology > 11. White Blood Cells + Innate imm system > Flashcards

11. White Blood Cells + Innate imm system Flashcards

1
Q

name the 3 granulocytes

A

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

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2
Q

name the 3 lymphocytes

A

B Lymphocytes
T Lymphocytes
Natural killer cell

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3
Q

which WBC in its own catgory

A

monocyte

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4
Q

why are large orgnaisms e.g. worms tricky to kill

A
  • cannot be engulfed and digested
  • has a protective sheath that neutrohphils find it hard to get through
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5
Q

why are bacteria hard to kill

A

needs to be killed or AT LEAST sequestered quick and effective before they can replicate/cause damage

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6
Q

why are viruses tricky to kill

A

hidden from immune system inside normal cells

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7
Q

why tetanus called lockjaw

A

bacteria produces a toxin that enters CNS
which causes mucles to spasm
can eventually cause breathing problems

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8
Q

what cell is responsible for getting rid of toxins or small blood pathogens

A

B lymphocytes

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9
Q

covid 19: something to detect vcovid 19 exposure

A

detecting neutralising antibodies

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10
Q

covid 19: something other than neutralising antibodies that may be important in long term protection

A

t-cell resposne

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11
Q

cells of the INNATE immune system

A

neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils
monocytes

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12
Q

2 mechanisms of recognition of pathogen

A

PAMPS – pathogen associated molecular pattern

DAMPS (cell walls etc) – damage associated molecular patterns (released DNA etc)

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13
Q

4 main steps of pathogen recognition and response

A
  1. increased production of appropriate white cells
  2. recruitment of white cells to correct place
    3 . activation of white cells to improve function
  3. control to limit self harm from white cell response
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14
Q

how might productioin of appropriate white cells be increased

A

cytokines acting on haematopoiesis
e.g. G-CSF = more neutrophil
GM-CSF
M-CSF

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15
Q

how do white cells get recruited to the correct place

A

response caused by DAMPS and PAMPS = release of chemokines
which signal other wbcs to come

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16
Q

example of chemokines

A

interleukin 8
attracts neutrophils
(diff ones attract diff cells duh)

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17
Q

what allows white cells to be activated

A

cytokines and chemokines
‘prime’ the cells

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18
Q

example of how G-CSF primes neutrophils

A

increases adhesion, granulation (=hypergranular), responsiveness

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19
Q

what would limit the WBC response

A

was the cause of infection (whatever pathogen) is killed, DAMPS and PAMPS decrease
= the first 3 steps decrease

20
Q

which cells kill bacteria

A

neutrophils and monocytes

21
Q

how long do neutrophils survive

A

12-24 hrs in blood
24-48hrs in tissues
(most die wihtout doing anything cuz never get stimulated)

22
Q

what is released in infection that enhances neutrophil function

A

cytokines and chemokines

23
Q

how do neutrophils adhere to bacteria

A

using adhesion receptors

24
Q

what types of granules fuse with phagosome to destroy bacteria

A
  • microbiocidal = myeloperoxidase, lysozymes
  • acid hydrolases
  • iron binding
25
Q

what is extracellular trap that can be used to immobilise bacteria

A

DNA net

26
Q

3 ways neutrophils prevent tissue damage

A
  • phagocytosis = destroys internally
  • enzymes contents work best at low pH, so dont do much outside the cell
  • neutrophils apoptose after it kills cells
27
Q

when do monocytes turn up

A
  • continue effects of neutrophil at later stage
28
Q

monocytes life span

A

17hr in blood
then enter tissues where they can survive a few weeks

29
Q

3 functions of monocytes

A
  • pahgocytose bacteria
  • form granuloma = “wall in” pathogens
  • remove dead cells and promote wound healing
30
Q

name a disease that macrophages act on

A

TB
the bacteria can survive here for extended periods

31
Q

which 2 cells are responsible for killing larger organisms

A

eosinophils (red) and basophils (blue)
(functionally basically the same)
difference in staining
= do this by releasing granules into tissues

32
Q

eosinophil granules: histamine

A
  • dilate blood vessels
  • causes swelling to trap invading organism
33
Q

eosinophil granules: active proteins

A
  • nucleases
  • lipases
    = these are relatively non toxic to our tissues
    and swelling means they dont migrate too far
34
Q

what granules do basophils have

A
  • histamine
  • serotonin
    = these 2 dilate blood vessels
  • heparin
    = prevents clotting
  • enzymes = break down tissue matrix = easier for immune cells to get in
  • IL4 = stimulates immune reactions
35
Q

what chediak-hihashi syndrome

A

abnromal granules in neutrophils

36
Q

what is autoimmune neutropenia

A

Too few neutrophils = immune system attacks neutrophils = less in blood

37
Q

how might someone get too many neutrophils

A

e.g. during chemotherapy recovery, may need to inject with GS-CSF
and this can cause too many to be produced

38
Q

what is a disease caused by too many neutrophils

A

rheumatoid arthiritis

39
Q

key symptom of rheumatoid arthiritis

A

ulnar drift

40
Q

rheumatoid arthiritis treatment

A

immunosuppresants
e.g. methotrexate

41
Q

how can eosinophils cause disease

A

Eosinophils can release their granules quite easily
e.g. when travelling through heart valves, can encounter trauma by valves,
See this as a threat and release their granules
= damage to heart valves

42
Q

basophils disease

A

main one is asthma:
Hyperactive basophils = can trigger asthma = too many histamines and serotonin released = swelling of airways

43
Q

what is cytokine storm

A

cytokines and chemokines cause excessive activaiton of inflammatory cells = destroy normal tissues = these release more cytokines = uncontrolled inflammation

44
Q

cytokine storm in covid 19

A

B and T lymphocytes which usually respond to viral infection become uncontrolled =
inappropriate activation of innate immune system =
increasing cytokine release =
multi organ damage

45
Q

what can be used to prevent cytokine storm

A

dexamethosone (steroids)
must be used at early stage

46
Q
A

BIOL21361 Haematology (20 decks)

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