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Edexcel A-level Geography > Regenerating places > Flashcards

Regenerating places Flashcards

1
Q

What gives a place its ‘identity’?

A

Physical characteristics - e.g mountains

Human characteristics - multicultural populations, cultures

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2
Q

Why may people have a sense of ‘belonging’ in a certain area?

A

Family and friends are there also

Where they grew up

religious communities

Ethnic diasporas

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3
Q

What is rebranding and why is it important?

A

Changing a negative image of an area

Can help to encourage new investment leading to redevelopment

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4
Q

What is the ‘old economy’?

A

Primary and secondary sector employment

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5
Q

What is the ‘new economy’?

A

Tertiary and quaternary employment

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6
Q

Why has there been a decrease in the old economy in the uk?

A

Tory government in 1980’s outsourced a lot of primary and secondary jobs to Asia as it was cheaper

Global shift

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7
Q

What is the ‘Knowledge economy’?

A

Quaternary employment

High salary jobs for highly educated and highly skilled graduates

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8
Q

Give an example of an area that has been redeveloped to accommodate the knowledge economy

A

London Docklands, Canary Wharf

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9
Q

What are the 5 main socio-economic inequalities?

A 
Regional income inequalities
Variations in quality of life
Income and life expectancy
Income and health
Variations in educational achievement
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10
Q

How has containerisation and the global shift impacted the London docklands?

A

Closure of the Port of London

London Gateway has been developed to allow large container ships to dock

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11
Q

What were the social impacts of London Dockland closures?

A

12000 lost jobs crating 60% unemployment

People left to seek work

Population fell by 100,000

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12
Q

What did the government do in response to London Dockland Closure?

A

market-led regeneration of the area

Improved housing and business to make it more attractive to live in

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13
Q

What is the role of Canary Wharf in London?

A

Second CBD

High rise office buildings and high employment in knowledge economy

Still deprivation in Docklands, Newham had 27% earning under £7/hour, most out of any borough

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14
Q

What impact did development of Canary Wharf have on infrastructure?

A

Improved transport, extension to Jubilee line and Docklands Light Railway

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15
Q

How has the Docklands population changed?

A

Older peopled retired to areas like Essex

Large scale immigration in 2000’s led to increased diversity

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16
Q

How has the change in economy and employment impacted peoples sense of ‘belonging’

A

People commute to work so don’t live near to colleagues

People work from home so don’t see colleagues as much

Ethnic in-migration has replaced traditional communities

Gentrification has increased price of housing in areas and people can’t afford the change

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17
Q

What are Centripetal forces?

A

Factors binding communities together

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18
Q

What are Centrifugal forces?

A

Factors forcing communities apart

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19
Q

State ways of measuring regeneration (qualitative and quantitative)

A 
Photos
Interviews
quality of life
amount of Investment
Environmental quality surveys (EQS)
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20
Q

What makes Sydney a Global city?

A

Rapid population growth

Diverse cultures (1.5 million people born abroad) (250 different languages spoken)

Large employment in knowledge economy

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21
Q

Give 4 reasons why Sydney is ‘successful’?

A

Strong economy - leading financial city for Asia/Pacific

High Incomes - Sydney had very high income however cost of living is expensive too

Attractive for Businesses - government policy has promoted business by deregulating banks

Sun-Belt - The hot climate has attracted people to live here causing rapid urbanisation

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22
Q

What is the rust-belt?

A

An area in North east USA where towns were heavily industrialised but have since become derelict

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23
Q

Why did towns in the rust-belt start to decline?

A

Overseas competition

mechanisation of coal mines

lower wage-costs in southern states so steel and car industries relocated

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24
Q

Why are there still some coal mines open in America?

A

Government subsidises the industry in order to prevent a spiral of decline (negative multiplier) effect

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25
Q

Name a city that impacted by deindstrialisation in USA

A

Detroit

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26
Q

Name a town in ‘coal country’ that has been impacted by deindustrialisation

A

Beattyville

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27
Q

What are the social impacts of deindustrialisation in Beattyville?

A

median income was $12,000/year (25% of the national average)

33% of teenagers didn’t finish high school

Drug overdoses caused 56% of accidental death

men’s life expectancy was 8 years less than national average

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28
Q

What is a modern case study of a ‘strong community’?

A

Grampound is a village in mid Cornwall

A community shop set up in 2014 that was funded and run by the village. They raised £50,000 to set it up

Benefited local business as well as the elderly locals

29
Q

What are the factors leading to Grampound’s sense of community?

A

Size - it is a small village which increases interaction

A working village - people both work and live there

Key people - willing to stand in elections and raise money

Range of activities - despite its size it has a wide range of clubs

Politicians - The county councilor lives in Grampound and is involved in local affairs, people feel informed

30
Q

Describe the trends in engagement in local and general elections in UK

A

Less people vote in local elections than general elections

Even then national turnout has gone from 82.6% in 1951 to 66% in 2015

31
Q

What is is called when people feel removed from the centre of power?

A

Voter Apathy

32
Q

What the the factors causing increased voter apathy?

A

Lack of engagement in local issues

Geographical distance from power centre

Lack of engagement in national issues

feeling that the system doesn’t benefit them

33
Q

How does engagement vary with age?

A

People over 60 are more likely to vote

can sway the vote in their favour

34
Q

How does engagement in elections vary with ethnicity and length of residence?

A

Ethnic groups and neo-immigrants may vote less as they do not understand the process in the UK

Places with short lengths of residence have less voter engagement

35
Q

How does engagement vary with deprivation?

A

some news outlets claim that ‘the poor don’t vote’

However sometimes if groups feel that the government is neglecting them they will vote to try make a change

36
Q

Who are the main players in regeneration?

A

Central Government
Local Government
Private investors
Locals

37
Q

What were the social, economic and environmental needs for regeneration in Canning Town?

A

Social - needed improved housing and health facilities. lots of adults had no educational qualifications

Economic - Needed employment only 38% of adults were in full time employment and high numbers of people claiming benefits

Environmental - dock closure caused dereliction which could be made into parkland

38
Q

What happened during regeneration of Canning town?

A

10,000 new affordable houses (particularly family size)

Job and training schemes for locals improved employment

buildings for primary and secondary schools improved

new health centre, library and community centre opened

39
Q

What is HS2 and why is it controversial?

A

Planned high speed rail to link London, Birmingham and the north

It is controversial because people think it will cause environmental damage and others think it will improve the British rail network

40
Q

Why is HS2 thought to be better than road investment?

A

UK has some of Europe’s most congested roads

Congestion costs £22 billion in lost time

HS2 would save this time

41
Q

What are the advantages of HS2?

A

Faster journeys between London and Birmingham and then the North

60,000 construction jobs

regeneration of the cities it links

42
Q

What are the disadvantages of HS2?

A

It will damage AONB’s such as the Chilterns

Cause a brain drain as people commute from north to London easier

43
Q

How much will HS2 cost the government?

A

£50 billion

44
Q

Why are rural areas declining?

A

Loss of investment from governments

Difficult to attract private investment because population density is low

45
Q

What challenges does Cornwalls economy face?

A

Lowest average earnings for any county

Lack of investment

Young, well-qualified people leave to find work causing a brain drain

46
Q

What is match funding?

A

Where the government will match the amount raised by individuals

47
Q

Who are the key players in Cornwall?

A 
The EU
UK central government
Cornwall Council
Environmental Stakeholders
Stakeholders in education
48
Q

What is Objective one?

A

An EU project to raise rural incomes

Gave Cornwall investment

49
Q

Give 5 examples of regeneration in Cornwall?

A

Superfast broadband - 95% of Cornwall now has access boosting knowledge economy

Watergate Bay - Extreme Sports academy offers surf lessons, employs 50-60 people and boosts tourism

Universities - Had reduced brain drain and boosted rented market and evening market

Wave Hub - A wave power project off Cornwalls coast, if it works will provide 170 jobs

Eden Project - consists of 2 biomes, education centre and hostel, cost £140 million, has generated £2 billion and employs 650 people

50
Q

Give an example of gentrification in your local area

A

The Quayside

Was an area in decline due to outsourcing of manufacturing

£10 million of investment to revive it

Now is a centre of culture and business in the north east

51
Q

Give an example of studentification in your local area

A

Durham

Specific areas in Durham have become dominated by students

This has led to tensions over noise and litter with people who have lived their longer

It has also caused house prices to rise in certain areas meaning some locals can no longer afford their houses

However, does bring benefits like increased spending in local businesses and improved local economy

52
Q

What is de-centralisation?

A

Movement of offices or retail areas out of the centre of town and towards the outskirts

Takes business and cash flow away from high streets and town

53
Q

Give an example of de-centralisation in your local area

A

Silverlink retail park

54
Q

What is Suburbanisation?

A

The movement of people from more central areas to the outskirts

55
Q

Give an example of Suburbanisation in your local area

A

Gosforth Great Park

56
Q

Give an example of deindustrialisation in your local area

A

The Quayside during the 1980’s

Used to be famous for shipbuilding and coal exports

Outsourcing of these industries under the Thatcher government led to rapid deindustrialisation

57
Q

What does the Clark Fisher Model represent?

A

The proportions of different employment sectors in a country

58
Q

Describe the Clark Fisher Model of the UK

A

Used to have larger primary and secondary industries due to coal and steel manufacturing

These industries took a huge decline in the 1980’s and the rise of the ‘new economy’ began

Now there are more tertiary sector jobs and even beginning to be a rise in quaternary sector jobs also

59
Q

What specific attractions and areas have turned the Gateshead Quayside into a cultural centre?

A

Baltic Art Gallery - Constructed as a flour mill in the 1950s, it became derelict during the 1980s. In 1995 it was regenerated into the art gallery and still displays today

The Sage - Constructed in 2004 as a state-of-the-art opera house and music venue. Turned the derelict river banks into a centre for music

60
Q

What are the 6 different ways a place can rebrand?

A

Sport

Cultural

Education

Retail

Entertainment

Science and Tech

61
Q

How will investment change peoples perception of an area?

A

Areas with high investment are often seen to be more affluent and more desirable than areas with less investment

Investment can be used to change peoples perceptions of an area. E.g the Quayside used to be perceived as a dangerous and rundown area however after investment now people perceive it as an affluent area and a cultural hub

62
Q

What are the social, economic and political impacts of changing employment sectors?

A

Social class is being replaced by knowledge and skill

Places are less ‘parochial’ (tied to birthplace) as people travel more

Globalisation has encouraged the development of science and tech (quaternary sector)

63
Q

What social indicators can be used to describe what a place is like?

A

Unemployment rate - more unemployment means less affluent

Literacy Rate - higher literacy rate tends to mean more affluence

Crime rate - affluent areas tend to have a lower crime rate

% of people in Council housing - less affluent areas have more people in council housing or old council houses (after the right to buy scheme)

64
Q

Compare social factors in Bridges ward, Gateshead and St Mary’s ward, North Tyneside

A

St Mary’s has an older population with the biggest group between 30-75 whereas bridges is between 20-59

Bridges has less academic achievement (10.4% have a level 4+ compared to 40.6% in St Mary’s)

More people own their houses in St Marys than in Bridges which is a sign of affluence (31% in Bridges, 93.2% in St Mary’s)

65
Q

What are some Quantitative ways of measuring rebranding?

A

Land Use survey

Census Data

Graffiti Assessment

House Prices

Produce Price Analysis

Environmental Quality Survey

66
Q

What are some Qualitative ways of measuring rebranding?

A

Questionnaires

Common Perceptions of the Area

Photographs

Land Use change (using old photos and maps)

Analysing rebranding marketing material

Oral Histories

67
Q

What is cultural imperialism?

A

It is the process of promoting one country’s culture (often a large and powerful nation) in another country. Almost forces the other country to start to integrate that culture

68
Q

What is the Cumulative Causation Model? give an example of where it is relevant

A

Shows how when a new industry or company sets up in an area it leads to increased income and affluence in that area by a range of different mechanisms

San Francisco, Apple

Apple set up in San Fran

Created jobs in more industries. This meant there had to be more skilled workers there. This led to an increase in demand for shops and services which led to increased population and therefore increased income from taxes

Also led to innovation which meant the area became more attractive for other businesses and so the tertiary sector grew along with more construction which led to increased income from taxes

69
Q

Give an example of successful rebranding of a city over the years

A

Manchester

During the industrial revolution boomed as a cotton manufacturer. Known as a ‘Cottonopolis’, however, when they outsourced cotton in the 1920s it declined

1980s Manchester was re-imaged into a centre for culture and music with bands like Joy Division and The Smiths. This earned it the nickname ‘Madchester’

Has had other re-imaging effects in certain parts of the city such as the ‘Gay Village’ which was one of the safest places for the LGBTQ community in the UK. Some know this area as ‘Gaychester’

Edexcel A-level Geography (8 decks)

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