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Physiology > CNS Part 2 > Flashcards

CNS Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

midbrain contains (3)

A

centers for motor control
nuclei of the reticular formation
periqueductal gray region (PAG)

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2
Q

Midbrain:

Centers for motor control (3)

A

A. Substantia Nigra
B. Red Nucleus
C. Superior and Inferior Colliculi

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3
Q 
The --- --- rises 
from the superior and inferior 
colliculi of the midbrain. It 
causes head turning in 
response to sudden visual or 
auditory stimuli.
A

tectospinal tract

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4
Q

“Morphine and endogenous opioid peptides also act in the midbrain Periaqueductal Gray (PAG) to induce

A

analgesia

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5
Q

The PAG is a part of a descending pathway that modulates

pain transmission by inhibition of

A

primary afferent transmission in the dorsal horn

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6
Q

These
PAG neurons activate neurons in the (2) that project to the spinal cord where they release serotonin and norepinephrine,
respectively, to inhibit the activity of dorsal horn neurons that receive input from nociceptive
afferent fibers

A

Nucleus Raphe Magnus and Rostral Ventromedial

Medulla

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7
Q

Pons (4)

A
  1. Pneumotaxic Center
  2. Nuclei of the Reticular Formation
  3. Pontine Reticular and Vestibular Nuclei for motor control.
  4. Swallowing Center (along with the Medulla Oblongata).
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8
Q

Pneumotaxic Center regulates centers in the —. Activation limits
— — and increases — —

A

Medulla
inspiration time
respiration rate

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9
Q

Cerebellum is Involved in (3)

A

motor control of
posture, muscle tone and
learning of repeated motor
functions

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10
Q

Diseases of the cerebellum result in (3)

A

alterations in gait, balance
and coordination of motor
activities; not paralysis.

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11
Q

the most inferior portion of brainstem

and is continuous with the spinal cord

A

medulla oblongata

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12
Q

medulla oblongata includes (5)

A 
1. Autonomic control centers 
(Cardiovascular, Respiratory, 
Swallowing, Vomiting, etc.)
2.  Nucleus Raphe Magnus (Serotonin) 
and Rostral Ventromedial Medulla 
(Norephinephrine) that release NT 
onto dorsal horn neurons to reduce 
ascending pain signals.
3. Medullary Reticular Nuclei (motor)
4. Pyramids (motor axons of the 
Corticospinal Tract)
5. Nuclei for the Reticular Formation
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13
Q

Nerve signals in the brainstem activate the cerebrum by activating

A

Neurohormonal Systems

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14
Q

Neurohormonal Systems release specific

A

facilitatory or inhibitory

substances into selected areas of the brain

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15
Q

Reticular excitatory activating
system (RAS) in the brainstem
activates the cortex via the

A

thalamus
– Pain signals increase the activity of the
excitatory area.
– ACH is one of the NT

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16
Q

Consciousness is maintained by the normal
functioning of the — above the mid pons and its
bilateral projections to the thalamus and cerebral
hemispheres.

A

RAS

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17
Q

Reticular inhibitory system

inhibits the activity of the

A

reticular
excitatory area.
– Serotonin is one of the NT for this system.

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18
Q

Coma results from lesions that affect either the

A

RAS or both cerebral hemispheres.

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19
Q

Barbiturates (ex. Thiopental) depress the RAS in

the brainstem, which controls

A

consciousness

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20
Q

— is involved in cognitive

functions, especially memory

A

Acetylcholine

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21
Q

— — accounts for
the majority of dementia cases. Its
incidence increases with age

A

Alzheimer’s Disease

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22
Q

Alzheimers is due to

A

neuronal accumulation of
abnormal proteins (A-Beta Amyloid
and tau -a microtubule associated
protein) and Neurofibrillary Tangles.

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23
Q

Areas most severely impacted by AD are

the (2)

A

hippocampus and temporal lobes.

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24
Q

AD causes degeneration of cholinergic
neurons in the — that project throughout the
cortex.

A

Nucleus Basalis of Meynert

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25
Q

Treatment for Alzheimer’s Disease

includes

A

Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors
and NMDA (Glutamate receptor)
antagonist.

26
Q

skipped

Serotonin influences a multitude of functions, including (10)

A

sleep, cognition, sensory
perception, motor activity, temperature regulation, nociception, mood, appetite,
sexual behavior, and hormone secretion

27
Q

It has been hypothesized that every
neuron in the brain may be in synaptic
contact with a

A

serotonin neuron

28
Q

— — are located in the

Midbrain, pons, and medulla

A 
Raphe nuclei 
(ex. Nucleus Raphe Dorsalis), 
Pons (ex. Nucleus Raphe Pontis) and 
Medulla Oblongata (ex. Nucleus Raphe 
Magnus).
29
Q

Nucleus Raphe Magnus is

involved in

A

dampening
ascending pain (nociceptive)
signals

30
Q

The physiological processes under

dopaminergic control include (5)

A 
reward, 
emotion, 
cognition, 
memory, and 
motor activity.
31
Q

Neurons in the Substantia
Nigra Compacta project to
the Basal Nuclei; this is the
pathway that degenerates in

A

Parkinson’s Disease

32
Q

Neurons in the – —- — project to
the Nucleus Accumbens
and the Prefrontal Cortex

A

Ventral

Tegmental Area

33
Q 
Neurons in the Ventral 
Tegmental Area project to 
the Nucleus Accumbens 
and the Prefrontal Cortex.  
Dysfunction in this pathway 
is associated with (4)
A 
addiction, 
schizophrenia and 
psychoses (bipolar 
depression) and learning 
deficits.
34
Q

Norepinephrine impacts all areas of the brain and facilitates excitatory
synaptic transmission leading to (2)

A

attention and arousal

35
Q 
“The monoamine hypothesis of 
depression suggests that 
depression is related to a 
deficiency in the amount or 
function of cortical and limbic 
(3)
A

serotonin (5-HT), norepinephrine

(NE), and dopamine (DA). “

36
Q 
All classes of antidepressants 
appear to enhance the synaptic 
availability of (3)
A

5-HT,

norepinephrine, or dopamine

37
Q

Most voluntary movements
‘initiated’ by the cerebral cortex
are achieved when the cortex
activates ‘patterns’ of

A

function
stored in lower brain areas –
the brainstem, basal ganglia
and cerebellum.

38
Q

The motor system learns by
doing and performance
improves with repetition.
Involves

A

Long-Term

Potentiation

39
Q

Pyramidal/Direct

Pathway

A 
UMNs from the 
cerebral cortex 
initiate and direct 
sequences of 
voluntary 
movement
40
Q

Extrapyramidal/
Indirect
Pathways

A 
UMNs 
originate in motor 
centers in the 
brainstem and 
direct 
subconscious 
muscle tone, 
posture, balance 
and orientation of 
the head and 
body
41
Q 
Damage to UMN 
causes --- --- on 
muscles on the 
--- side of the 
body. This results in (3)
A 
spastic paralysis
opposite
increased muscle 
tone, exaggeration 
of reflexes and 
pathological reflexes 
such as the Babinski 
Reflex
42
Q 
Damage to the LMN 
causes --- --- of muscles 
on the --- side of 
the body. There is 
neither voluntary nor 
reflex action of the 
muscle fibers and 
tone is decreased
A

flaccid paralysis

same

43
Q

The LMN is cholinergic and releases
– that binds to nicotinic receptors
on skeletal muscle.

A

ACH

44
Q

The motor cortex has three regions:

A

(1) Premotor Area/Cortex
(2) Supplementary Motor Area/Cortex
(3) Primary Motor Area/Cortex

45
Q

The — — sets posture (ex.
position shoulder and arm) at the start of
planned movement .

A

Premotor cortex

46
Q

The Premotor area

determines the overall

A

motor plan

47
Q

The — — — activates

specific muscles to execute the plan

A

Primary motor cortex (UMN)

48
Q

More than half of the Primary Motor Cortex is devoted to

controlling the muscle of the (2)

A

hands and muscles of speech

49
Q

The — — — is
involved in organizing or planning motor
sequences

A

supplementary motor cortex

50
Q

The supplementary motor cortex is
involved in organizing or planning motor
sequences. Lesions of this area produce (2)

A

awkwardness in performing complex activities

and difficulty with bimanual coordination

51
Q

Axons from neurons in the Supplementary and Primary Motor

Cortex make up the

A

Corticospinal (Lateral and Ventral) and

52
Q

Corticospinal (Pyramidal) Tract

• Called the

A

Direct Motor Pathway

53
Q

Corticospinal (Pyramidal) Tract

• Fibers originate in the — — and the fibers descend through the

A

Motor Cortex

internal capsule of the cerebrum

54
Q

Corticospinal (Pyramidal) Tract
• In the Medulla Oblongata, these axons form
bundles known as the

A

pyramids

55
Q

90% of the axons decussate to the contralateral side in

the medulla oblongata. These axons form the

A

Lateral
Corticospinal Tract of the spinal cord.
• DISTAL MUSCLES

56
Q

The 10% that do not decussate in the medulla and

these axons from the

A

Anterior Corticospinal Tract.
These fibers decussate in the spinal cord before
synapsing with the LMN.
• PROXIMAL MUSCLES

57
Q

Both synapse with the LMN in the

A

Dorsal Horn

of the spinal cord

58
Q

Corticobulbar Tract
• Fibers originate in the — — and
terminate on

A

motor cortex

nuclei in the brainstem

59
Q

Corticobulbar Tract
• The following cranial nerves receive
input from the corticobulbar tract:

A 
– Oculomotor (CN III), Trochlear (CN 
IV), Trigeminal (CN V), Abducens 
(CN VI), Facial (CN VII), 
Glossopharyngeal (IX), Accessory 
(CN XI), Vagus (X), Hypoglossal (CN 
XII)
60
Q

Corticobulbar Tract

• Innervate LMN that control

A

conscious
control over skeletal muscles that move
the eye, jaw, face and some muscles of
the neck and pharynx.

Physiology (53 decks)

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