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Physiology > Resp 1 > Flashcards

Resp 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Visceral Pleura:

A

Attaches to

the surface of the lung

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2
Q

Parietal Pleura:

A

Covers the
surface of the chest wall,
diaphragm, and mediastinum

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3
Q

Pleural Space:

A 
Contains a 
very thin layer of pleural fluid 
under negative pressure.The 
pressure in this space is 
referred to as the Intrapleural 
Pressure (PIP)
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4
Q

PIP is subatmospheric

pressure, which ensures that

A

the lungs are held to the
chest wall and will move with
the chest wall during
inspiration & expiration.

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5
Q

A pleural effusion is

A

excess fluid in the pleural space, which makes lung
Expansion difficult so the person will
breathe shallow and fast.

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6
Q

The right lung has — lobes and the

left has —.

A

three

two

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7
Q

Each lung has zones that differ in the (2)

A

amount of air (ventilation; V) and blood

(perfusion; Q) that they receive.

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8
Q

There is greater ventilation (V) of alveoli and blood flow (Q) into
capillaries in zone – compared to the other zones.

A

3

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9
Q

Best region for

gas exchange. Normally, most of the lungs are zones (2)

A

3 and 2

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10
Q

The respiratory system is divided into two functional

zones:

A

Conducting Zone and Respiratory Zone

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11
Q 
The diameter of the 
tubes --- as 
you move down, 
but the number of 
each ---
A

decreases

increases

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12
Q 
There is a large 
increase in 
--- as 
you move deeper 
into the conducting 
zone and exchange 
surfaces.
A

surface area

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13
Q 
Airways have 
a --- 
in cartilage 
and an 
--- in 
smooth 
muscle as 
you move 
along the 
airways.
A

decrease

increase

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14
Q

In the Conducting Zone, air is (3)

A

warmed, humidified and filtered

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15
Q

function of cartilage and smooth muscle

A

Cartilage prevents its collapse

smooth muscle alters resistance to
airflow (Beta 2 receptors, Muscarinic
receptors, Allergen Activation –
Asthma).

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16
Q

The Respiratory Zone has a

A

Greater
Surface Area to Optimize the Surface
Area Available for Gas Exchange

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17
Q

velocity equation

A

flow/cross-sectional area

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18
Q

Total cross-sectional area greatly increases in
the — zone, so velocity of air flow this
zone is —

A

respiratory

low

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19
Q

Cells Types in Alveoli (3)

A 
1. Type I Cells (Simple 
Squamous Epithelial 
Cells)
2. Type II Alveolar 
(Produce Surfactant)
3. Macrophages
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20
Q

The basement membrane of the endothelium

and of the alveolar epithelium are

A

fused

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21
Q 
The typical transit 
time at rest for an 
erythrocyte 
through an 
alveolar capillary 
is
A

0.75 seconds.

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22
Q

Gas exchange is

usually complete in

A

0.25 seconds

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23
Q 
Gas exchange is 
usually complete in 
0.25 seconds, so 
even during exercise 
when the capillary 
transit time is faster, 
there is still time for
A 
gas exchange to 
reach diffusion 
equilibrium (PAO2 & 
PaO2 = 100 and 
PACO2 & PaCO2 = 
40).
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24
Q

Respiratory muscles are —

muscles

A

skeletal

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25
Q

Neurons in the medulla and pons

control their

A

alpha motor neurons.

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26
Q

nspiratory Muscles: (2)

A

– Diaphragm, external intercostals
– Contraction INCREASES the size of
the thorax and lungs (causing decrease PALV)

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27
Q

Expiratory Muscles: used for

A

forced expiration only

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28
Q

Expiratory Muscles: (2)

A

– Internal Intercostals, abdominal
muscles
– Contraction DECREASES the size
of the thorax and lungs (causing increased PALV)

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29
Q

The — is the primary inspiratory

muscle.

A

diaphragm

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30
Q

The diaphragm is the primary inspiratory
muscle. It arches over the liver and moves
down like a piston when it contracts,
which (2)

A

increases the size of the thoracic
cavity and reduces the pressure in the
thorax/lungs.

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31
Q

Expiratory muscles
ONLY contract with
— expiration

A

ACTIVE

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32
Q

The — push
abdominal contents up against
the diaphragm (compressing
the lungs) and the — depress the ribs.

A

abdominal muscles

internal intercostals

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33
Q

Air is a mixture of —

A

gases

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34
Q

Gases have different —

A

pressures

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35
Q

Air moves from

A

high pressure to low pressure

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36
Q

Boyle’s Law

A 
P1V1 = P2V2
In a sealed 
container, 
pressure times 
volume equals a 
constant.  
If pressure 
increases, volume 
decreases and 
vice versa.
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37
Q

For air to
ENTER the
lungs,

A 
the 
pressure in the 
alveoli (PALV) 
must be lower 
than 
atmospheric 
pressure (PATM)
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38
Q

For air to LEAVE

the lungs,

A 
the 
pressure in the 
alveoli (PALV)   
must be higher 
than atmospheric 
pressure (PATM)
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39
Q

The chest wall and the lung

both wish to recoil apart (2)

A

– Chest outward recoil
– Lung inward recoil (due to
alveoli)

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40
Q

The elastic recoil of the lungs favors a

A

decrease in lung volume or compression

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41
Q

the elastic recoil of the chest wall favors an

A

increase in lung volume or expansion.

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42
Q

The intrapleural fluid
overcomes that
recoil, keeping

A 
the 
two attached 
together, so when 
the chest  (thorax) 
moves, the lungs 
move with it.
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43
Q

Transmural or Transpulmonary Pressure

A

PTP = Palv – Pip

Must increase to produce I and decrease to produce E.
If PIP = PATM, then PTP is 0 and
there is no longer a force to keep
the lungs open (Pneumothorax).

44
Q

Nearly half of the energy expended for I is stored in — and during E this stored potential
energy is

A

elastic recoil

released and overcomes airway resistance.

45
Q

inspiration begin at rest when

A

Patm = Palv

46
Q

Inspiration:
Inspiratory Muscles contract and the VOLUME of
the thorax (and lungs) —.

A

increases

The decrease in PIP (from -5 to -7.5 mmHg) causes PTP to increase ( to 7.5
mmHg) and this causes lung volume to increase.

47
Q

Inspiration:
Because volume has increased, the pressure in the
lungs (Palv)

A

decreases (to -1 mmHg).

48
Q

Inspiration:

When Palv < Patm, air flows – the lungs

A

into

49
Q

Inspiration:

When Palv < Patm, air flows into the lungs (3)

A

a. As air enters the lungs, Palv begins to increase again.
b. Air flow continues until Palv = Patm.
c. No difference in pressure, no difference in flow.

50
Q

Inspiration:

These pressure changes lead to movement of

A 
500 mL (Tidal Volume) of air. 
Moving a larger volume of air would require more muscle contraction leading to 
greater volume and pressure changes.
51
Q

Expiration

Begin after

A

inspiration when Patm = Palv

52
Q

Expiration:

in relaxed breathing, it is a passive process due to

A

relaxation of inspiratory muscles
a. Can increase the rate and volume of expiration by
contracting expiratory muscles (active expiration).

53
Q 
Expiration:
The thorax (and thus the lungs) --- in volume.
A

decrease

Lung volume decreases because the decrease in thorax volume causes an increase in PIP (from -7.5 mmHg to -5 mmHg) which causes PTP to decrease (from 7.5 mmHg to 5 mmHg).

54
Q

Expiration:

Because volume decreases, lung pressure (Palv)

A

increases (to +1 mmHg)

55
Q

Expiration:

As soon as Palv > Patm,

A

air flows down pressure

gradient and out of the lungs

56
Q

Expiration:
As soon as Palv > Patm, air flows down pressure
gradient and out of the lungs (2)

A

a. As air leaves the lungs, Palv decreases.

b. When Palv = Patm, air flow stops

57
Q

LUNG COMPLIANCE

a. Definition:

A

ability of the lung to stretch

58
Q

compliance= equation

A

deltaV/deltaP

59
Q

i. High compliance:

ii. Low compliance:

A

Lung stretches easily

Difficult for lung to stretch

60
Q

Alveoli in the base of the lungs are more (2)

A

compliant and

undergo greater expansion during inspiration

61
Q

Opposite of compliance is elasticity—

A

lung’s ability to return to its

normal, resting position.

62
Q

High compliance =

A

Easy

Stretch

63
Q

High elasticity =

A

Easy Recoil

64
Q

Lungs with lower compliance (ex. Pulmonary Fibrosis)

require

A

a larger transpulmonary pressure (PTP) to increase volume

65
Q

Obstructive Lung Disease (ex.

Emphysema)

A

Elastic fibers destroyed
increase compliance: Will breathe
deep and slowly to reduce the
work of breathing.

66
Q

Restrictive Lung Disease (ex.

Pulmomary Fibrosis)

A

decrease compliance: Will breathe
shallow and fast to reduce the
work of breathing.

67
Q

Surface Tension:

A

Force that occurs at any gas-liquid

interface due to the cohesive forces between liquid molecules.

68
Q

Liquid has a strong attraction for itself and alveoli are covered with a

A

thin layer of fluid.

69
Q

This means that the fluid covering of alveoli exerts a

A

constant

force favoring contraction (which means collapse of alveoli).

70
Q

The Law of LaPlace describes the relationship between

A

surface tension and radius of an alveolus.

71
Q

If two alveoli are connected and the
surface tension of each is equal, the
pressure in the small alveolus is
—.

A

greater

72
Q 
If two alveoli are connected and the 
surface tension of each is equal, the 
pressure in the small alveolus is 
greater.  
Because of this, air will flow
A

into the alveolus.

73
Q

Surfactant fxn (2)

A

reduces surface
tension and equalizes pressure
between alveoli of different sizes.

74
Q

P=

A

2T/r

P = Collapsing Pressure
T = Surface Tension
r = Radius
75
Q

Pulmonary surfactant is secreted by

A

Type II alveolar

cells.

76
Q

Pulmonary surfactant is secreted by Type II alveolar cells. It — surface tension (thus elasticity) and — compliance.

A

decreases

increases

77
Q

Surfactant is primarily made up of

A

phospholipids. It
spreads over the fluid lining of the alveolar surface to
disrupt surface tension forces.

78
Q

Some components of surfactant are components of

A

innate immunity

79
Q

Surfactant is particularly important for

A

reducing surface

tension in small alveoli.

80
Q

Surfactant is particularly important for reducing surface
tension in small alveoli.
i. This — the likelihood of alveolar collapse.

A

decreases

81
Q

Surfactant decreases the work of —.

A

inspiration

82
Q

Surfactant production is increased with (3)

A

hyperinflation of the lungs (sighing and

yawning), exercise and Beta-adrenergic agonists.

83
Q

Multiple pathologies are associated with decreases in surfactant production – (3)

A

Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome,
Chronic Smoking

84
Q

Air Flow =

A

(Patm – Palv)/Resistance (R)
R = 8nl/pir^4

R    = Resistance
n    =  Viscosity of air
l     =  length of airway
r     =  radius of airway
85
Q

Determinants of Resistance: (3)

A

i. radius of bronchi/bronchioles
ii. Viscosity of substance
iii. Length of tube

86
Q

radius of bronchi/bronchioles (3)

A

a. Bronchodilation: EPI on β2, decrease O2, increase CO2
b. Bronchoconstriction: ACH on M, increase O2, decrease CO2, Histamine
c. Mucus accumulation

87
Q

The airways with the smallest radius (r)
have the highest individual resistance
(R), but the total resistance (R) of that
generation is the smallest. Why?

A
88
Q

Pathologies that increase airway resistance -

A

OBSTRUCTIVE

DISEASES (ex. Asthma, Emphysema, Bronchitis)

89
Q

Inspiratory Reserve

Volume.

A

3000 ml

90
Q

Tidal Volume.

A

500 ml

91
Q

Expiratory Reserve

Volume.

A

1100 ml

92
Q

Residual Volume.

A

1200

ml

93
Q

Anatomic Dead Space

A
94
Q

~ 1ml of Anatomic dead
space per pound of ideal
body weight, which is the

A

conducting zone of the

respiratory system.

95
Q

Physiologic Dead Space

A
96
Q

Physiologic Dead Space =

A

Anatomic DS + Alveolar DS

97
Q

alveolar DS in a healthy young person vs low cardiac output

A

A healthy young person has little or no alveolar dead
space. However, someone with low cardiac output
might have a lot of alveolar dead space due to low
perfusion and thus a higher V/Q ratio.

98
Q

Vital Capacity.

A

a. VC = IRV + ERV + TV

99
Q

Total Lung Capacity.

A

a. TLC = VC + RV

100
Q

Inspiratory Capacity

A

a. IC = TV + IRV

101
Q

Functional Residual Capacity

A

a. FRC = ERV + RV

102
Q

A normal respiratory rate is between — breaths/minute at rest.

A

12-20

103
Q

Minute, Pulmonary or Total Ventilation =

A

Tidal volume (ml/breath) X Respiration Rate (breaths/minute)

104
Q

Alveolar Ventilation =

A

(Tidal volume – Dead Space Volume) X Respiration Rate

105
Q

It is better to breathe deeper

instead of faster as

A

deeper
breaths get more air into the
respiratory zone for gas
exchange!

106
Q

The amount of
air in the
conducting
zone is

A

~150
mL (ANATOMIC
DEAD SPACE).

Physiology (53 decks)

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