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Biology > 9: Transport in animals > Flashcards

9: Transport in animals Flashcards

1
Q

What is circulatory system?

A

a system of blood vessels with a pump and valves to ensure one-way flow of blood

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2
Q

Describe the single circulation of a fish

A

Fish

  • two heart chambers
  • per circuit blood goes through heart once

heart ➝ gills ➝ body = repeat

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3
Q

Describe the double circulation of a mammal

Explain its advantages

A

Mammals
- four heart chambers
- per circuit blood goes through heart TWICE
heart ➝ lungs ➝ heart ➝ body

Why?
Mammals have greater need for oxygen to use in respiration for warmth
- can maintain high blood pressure = increase the speed in nutrient delivery + waste removed = more efficient

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4
Q

Describe the blood flow

A

Right side of heart (technically left)
- deoxygenated blood enters vena cava, right atrium, AV/ tricuspid valve, right ventricle, semilunar valve, pulmonary artery, lungs

Left (technically right)
- pulmonary vein, left atrium, AV/ bicuspid valve, left ventricle, semilunar valve, aorta (artery) = body, vena cava

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5
Q

What is a septum? Why is it important?

A

Separates 2 sides of the heart,

prevents the mixing of deoxygenated and oxygenated blood

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6
Q

Describe relative thickness of the muscle wall of left and right ventricle

A

Right - lungs

Left ventricle - pumps blood around the body - further distance = blood under higher PRESSURE

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7
Q

Describe relative thickness of the muscle wall of atria compared to ventricles

A

Ventricles pump blood around the body/ lungs = need to withstand higher pressure
Atria - only to ventricles = lower pressure

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8
Q

What tissue is the heart made of?

A

cardiac muscle

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9
Q

What is the function of coronary artery?

A

supplies heart muscle with blood

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10
Q

Describe coronary heart disease: why does it happen?

A

blockage of coronary arteries

by buildup of cholesterol ➝ limiting blood flow to heart

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11
Q

How to measure heart’s activity?

A

Electrocardiogram - ECG
pulse rate
valve activity - listening to sounds of valves closing

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12
Q

What are risk factors of coronary heart disease (6)

how to prevent

A

smoking, diet, stress, genetic predisposition, age, gender

exercise regularly control diet - less saturated fats, fruit, veg
no smoking, drinking

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13
Q

Treatment of coronary heart disease

A

Drug treatment - ASPIRIN (thins blood, platelets less likely to clump)
Surgery - stent, angioplasty, bypass

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14
Q

Effect of physical exercise on the heart rate [4]

A

heart rate increases
short term: muscles respire to produce energy
aerobic respiration requires oxygen = heart rate increases = blood pumped quicker = more oxygen is delivered to respiring tissues

  • adrenaline stimulates increase in heart/pulse rate
  • increase of carbon dioxide concentration in blood
  • nerves stimulate heart to beat faster
  • muscles require more energy, so rate of aerobic respiration increases
  • increase demand for oxygen/glucose; quicker removal of CO2 /lactic acid
  • more blood to lungs per unit time is needed
  • more blood/oxygen/glucose to muscles

(pulse rate is exactly equal to the heart rate, as the contractions of the heart cause the increases in blood pressure in the arteries that lead to a noticeable pulse)

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15
Q

Valves

A

prevent back flow of blood

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16
Q

all vessels

A

[HEART] ➝ artery ➝ arteriole ➝ capillary ➝ venule ➝ vein ➝ [HEART]
shunt vessel

17
Q

veins structure and function; how are they adapted to them

what do they brunch into?

A
  • carry DEOXYGENATED blood at LOW pressure TOWARDS the heart

a: large lumen - low blood pressure = no need to control it
contain valves - low blood pressure = prevent backflow

branch into VENULES

thin/ less elastic / less muscular walls (than arteries) = low blood pressure, allows vein to be squeezed by (surrounding skeletal) muscles ;

18
Q

Function of arterioles

why must blood pressure decrease in the arterioles before entering capillaries? [2]

A

distribute blood flow into capillary beds

high pressure would burst capillaries
capillary walls are thin/ narrow
wall/ lining, (of capillary) is one cell thick

19
Q

venules

A

small veins which are formed by groups of capillary vessels

20
Q

capillaries structure and function; how are they adapted to them
what do they brunch into? 5

A

carry BOTH oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

a:low pressure - used to exchange substances with tissues
large SA, branched
small diameter, lumen - to decrease diffusion distance
walls one cell thick - substances can diffuse in&out
slow rate of blood flow - to allow time for exchange

21
Q

describe the ‘leaky’ walls of capillaries :D

A

blood plasma can leak out - form tissue fluid surrounding cells

22
Q

Shunt vessels function

A

change size to control amount of blood flowing to certain area: dilate or constrict

23
Q

Main blood vessels to and from: heart, lungs and kidney, liver

A

towards ➝ away
Heart: vena cava, pulmonary vein ➝ pulmonary artery, aorta

Lungs: pulmonary artery ➝ pulmonary vein

Kidney: renal artery ➝ renal vein

Liver hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein ➝ hepatic vein

24
Q

What is lymphatic system

A

system of vessels and lymph nodes that are involved in returning tissue fluid to blood and in immunity

25
Q

Explain the process of lymphatic system

A
  • CAPILLARIES exchange substances with cells by producing TISSUE FLUID at ARTERIOLE end
  • high pressure in narrower blood vessel forces out nutrients/plasma into tissue fluid
  • nutrients diffuse into cells; waste + large molecules into tissue fluid at venous end
  • carried away by lymph system enter/exit lymph vessels ➝ travel as lymph fluid ➝ drain into blood system in chest cavity
26
Q 
What are lymph nodes?
function
what do they contain?
A

small clusters of lymphatic tissue found in lymphatic system (vessels), neck, armpits, groin

  • filter lymph fluid - removing bacteria, foreign particles = protect body from infection
  • contain lymphocytes
27
Q

What does blood contain?

A

red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, plasma (55%)

28
Q

Function of platelets

A

involved in blood clotting

29
Q

Describe the process of blood clotting

its role

A
  • occurs when blood vessel breaks (injury)
  • prevents BLOOD LOSS and ENTRY OF PATHOGENS
  1. Platelets stick to broken vessel, clump together, blocking the cut
  2. Platelets release soluble FIBRINOGEN proteins ➝ converted into FIBRIN ➝ FORMS A MESH of fibrin fibres

process of clotting as the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin to form a mesh

30
Q

plasma function

A

transport of blood cells, ions, soluble nutrients, hormones and carbon dioxide

31
Q

Red blood cell

A 
transporting oxygen
contains haemoglobin (protein) which binds to oxygen allowing it to be transported

biconcave shape, enucleate, oxygen is in form of oxyhaemoglobin

32
Q

white blood cells function

what are two types

A

phagocytosis and antibody production
defends against infection (part of immune system)

  • lymphocytes and phagocytes

LYMPHOCYTES (type of wbc) produce ANTIBODIES to

  • destroy PATHOGENS and
  • ANTITOXINS - to neutralise toxins released by pathogens
33
Q

function of antibody production

A

each antibody is specific to 1 type of antigen

  • White blood cells detect pathogen
  • specific ANTIBODIES (produced by lymphocytes) bind to
  • specific and complementary ANTIGEN (protein found on cell membrane of pathogens)
  • antibody-antigen complex is formed
34
Q

phagocytes function

Describe the process of phagocytosis (3)

A

carry out phagocytosis by engulfing and digesting pathogens

Phagocytosis:

  1. Phagocyte recognises, attaches to foreign pathogen
  2. membrane of phagocyte ENVELOPS the pathogen, folds forward, trapping it inside the phagocyte
  3. phagocyte RELEASES ENZYMES which break down pathogen, killing it.
35
Q

describe one named example of surgery that can treat coronary heart disease. [2]

A

stent - small mesh tube inserted in artery;
opens / supports narrow artery

balloon angioplasty - catheter with balloon inserted into artery
inflate balloon to widen artery ;

by-pass - shunt blood vessel joined/replace artery

Biology (15 decks)

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