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HOSA Bowl 2022 > Medical Terminology for Health Professions Part 8 > Flashcards

Medical Terminology for Health Professions Part 8 Flashcards

1
Q

tuberculosis

A

an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, usually attacks the lungs

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2
Q

upper respiratory infections

A

among the terms used to describe the common cold; can be caused by any one of 200 different viruses

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3
Q

upper respiratory tract

A

consists of the nose, mouth, pharynx, epiglottis, larynx, and trachea

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4
Q

ventilator

A

a mechanical device for artificial ventilation of the lungs that is used to replace or supplement the patient’s natural breathing function

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5
Q

video-assisted thoracic surgery

A

the use of a video-assisted thoracoscope to view the inside of the chest cavity through very small incisions

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6
Q

viral pneumonia

A

caused by several different types of viruses and accounts for approximately half of all pneumonias

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7
Q

visceral pleura

A

the inner layer of pleura that surrounds each lung

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8
Q

abdominal computed tomography (CT)

A

a radiographic procedure that produces a detailed cross-section of the tissue structure within the abdomen

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9
Q

abdominal ultrasound

A

a noninvasive test used to visualize internal organs by using very high frequency sound waves

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10
Q

absorption

A

the process by which completely digested nutrients are transported to the cells throughout the body

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11
Q

acid reducers

A

decrease the amount of acid produced by the stomach

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12
Q

acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (ANUG)

A

caused by the abnormal growth of bacteria in the mouth

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13
Q

aerophagia

A

the excessive swallowing of air while eating or drinking, and is a common cause of gas in the stomach

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14
Q

amebic dysentery

A

an intestinal disorder caused by a parasite

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15
Q

anabolism

A

the building up of body cells and substances from nutrients

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16
Q

anal fissure

A

a small crack-like sore in the skin of the anus that cau cause severe pain during a bowel movement

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17
Q

anastomosis

A

a surgical connection between two hollow or tubular structures

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18
Q

anorexia

A

the loss of appetite for food, especially when caused by disease

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19
Q

anorexia nervosa

A

an eating disorder characterized by a false perception of body appearance

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20
Q

anoscoopy

A

the visual examination of the anal canal and lower rectum

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21
Q

antacids

A

neutralize the acids in the stomach

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22
Q

antiemetic

A

a medication that is administered to prevent or relieve nausea and vomiting

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23
Q

anus

A

the lower opening of the digestive tract

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24
Q

aphthous ulcers

A

grey-white pits with a red border in the soft tissues lining the mouth; also known as canker sores or mouth ulcers

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25
Q

ascending colon

A

travels upward from the cecum to the undersurface of the liver

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26
Q

ascites

A

an abnormal accumulation of serous fluid in the peritoneal cavity

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27
Q

bariatric surgery

A

performed to treat morbid obesity to restricting the amount of food that can enter the stomach and be digested

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28
Q

bariatrics

A

the branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of obesity and associated diseases

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29
Q

bile

A

a digestive juice secreted by the liver

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30
Q

biliary tree

A

provides the channels through which bile is transported from the liver to the small intestine

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31
Q

bilirubin

A

the pigment produced from the destruction of hemoglobin

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32
Q

body mass index (BMI)

A

a number that shows body weight adjusted for height

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33
Q

bolus

A

a mass of food that has been chewed and is ready to be swallowed

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34
Q

borborygmus

A

the rumbling noise caused by the movement of gas in the intestine

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35
Q

botulism

A

food poisoning characterized by paralysis and often death; caused by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum

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36
Q

bowel incontinence

A

the inability to control the excretion of feces

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37
Q

bruxism

A

the involuntary grinding or clenching of the teeth that usually occurs during sleep and is associated with tension or stress

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38
Q

bulimia nervosa

A

an eating disorder characterized by frequent episodes of binge eating followed by inappropriate compensatory behaviors such as self-induced vomiting

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39
Q

cachexia

A

a condition of physical wasting away due to the loss of weight and muscle mass that occurs in patients with diseases such as advanced cancer or AIDS

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40
Q

capsule endoscopy

A

a tiny video camera in a capsule that the patient swallows

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41
Q

catabolism

A

the breaking down of body cells or substances, releasing energy and carbon dioxide

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42
Q

cecum

A

a pouch that lies on the right side of the abdomen

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43
Q

cheilosis

A

a disorder of the lips characterized by crack-like sores at the corners of the mouth

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44
Q

cholangiography

A

a radiographic examination of the bile ducts with the use of a contrast medium

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45
Q

cholangitis

A

an acute infection of the bile duct

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46
Q

cholecystalgia

A

pain in the gallbladder

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47
Q

cholecystectomy

A

the surgical removal of the gallbladder

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48
Q

cholecystic

A

pertaining to the gallbladder

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49
Q

cholecystitis

A

inflammation of the gallbladder; usually associated with gallstones

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50
Q

choledocholithotomy

A

an incision into the common bile duct for the removal of gallstones

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51
Q

cholelithiasis

A

the presence of gallstones in the gallbladder or bile ducts

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52
Q

cholera

A

severe diarrhea, vomiting, and dehydration caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholera

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53
Q

chyme

A

the semifluid mass of partly digested food that passes out of the stomach, through the pyloric sphincter, and into the small intestine

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54
Q

cirrhosis

A

a progressive degenerative disease of the liver

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55
Q

cleft lip

A

a birth defect in which there is a deep groove of the lip running upward to the nose as a result of the failure of this portion of the lip to close during prenatal development

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56
Q

cleft palate

A

the failure of the palate to close during the early development of the fetus

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57
Q

colectomy

A

the surgical removal of all, or part of, the colon

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58
Q

colon

A

the longest portion of the large intestine

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59
Q

colonoscopy

A

the direct visual examination of the inner surface of the entire colon from the rectum to the cecum

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60
Q

colorectal carcinoma

A

colon cancer

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61
Q

colostomy

A

the surgical creation of an artificial excretory opening between the colon and the body surface

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62
Q

constipation

A

having a bowel movement fewer than three times per week

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63
Q

Crohn’s disease

A

a chronic autoimmune disorder that is most often found in the ileum and in the colon

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64
Q

defecation

A

the evacuation or emptying of the large intestine

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65
Q

dehydration

A

a condition in which fluid loss exceeds fluid intake and disrupts the body’s normal electrolyte balance

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66
Q

dental calculus

A

dental plaque that has calcified (hardened) on the teeth

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67
Q

dental caries

A

an infectious disease caused by bacteria that destroy the enamel and dentin of the tooth; also known as tooth decay or a cavity

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68
Q

dental plaque

A

forms as soft deposits in sheltered areas near the gums and between the teeth

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69
Q

dental prophylaxis

A

the professional cleaning of the teeth to remove plaque and calculus

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70
Q

dentist

A

specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of teeth and tissues of the oral cavity

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71
Q

dentition

A

refers to the natural teeth arranged in the upper and lower jaws

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72
Q

descending colon

A

travels down the left side of the abdominal cavity to the sigmoid colon

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73
Q

diarrhea

A

an abnormal frequent flow of loose or watery stools that can lead to dehydration

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74
Q

digestion

A

the process by which complex foods are broken down into nutrients in a form the body can use

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75
Q

diverticulectomy

A

the surgical removal of a diverticulum

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76
Q

diverticulitis

A

the inflammation of one or more diverticula in the colon

77
Q

diverticulosis

A

the presence of a number of diverticula in the colon

78
Q

duodenum

A

the first portion of the small intestine; extends from the pylorus to the jejunum

79
Q

dyspepsia

A

pain or discomfort in digestion; also known as indigestion

80
Q

dysphagia

A

difficulty in swallowing

81
Q

edentulous

A

without teeth

82
Q

emesis

A

the reflex ejection of the stomach contents through the mouth; also known as vomiting

83
Q

endoscope

A

an instrument used for visual examination of internal structures

84
Q

enema

A

the placement of a solution into the rectum and colon to empty the lower intestine through bowel activity

85
Q

enteritis

A

an inflammation of the small intestine caused by eating or drinking substances contaminated with viral and bacterial pathogens

86
Q

epiglottis

A

a lid-like structure that closes off the entrance to the trachea (windpipe) to prevent food and liquids from moving from the pharynx during swallowing

87
Q

eructation

A

the act of belching or raising gas orally from the stomach

88
Q

esophageal varices

A

enlarged and swollen veins at the lower end of the esophagus

89
Q

esophagogastroduodenoscopy

A

an endoscopic examination of the esophagus, stomach, and upper duodenum

90
Q

esophagus

A

the muscular tube through which ingested food passes from the pharynx to the stomach

91
Q

feces

A

solid body wastes expelled through the rectum and anus

92
Q

flatulence

A

the passage of gas out of the body through the rectum

93
Q

gallbladder

A

a pear-shaped organ about the size of an egg located under the liver

94
Q

gallstone

A

a hard deposit formed in the gallbladder and bile ducts due to the concretion of bile components

95
Q

gastrectomy

A

the surgical removal of all or part of the stomach

96
Q

gastritis

A

a common inflammation of the stomach lining

97
Q

gastroduodenostomy

A

the removal of the pylorus of the stomach and the establishment of an anastomosis between the upper portion of the stomach and the duodenum

98
Q

gastroenteritis

A

an inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the stomach and intestines

99
Q

gastroenterologist

A

a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the stomach and intestines

100
Q

gastroesophageal reflux disease

A

the upward flow of acid from the stomach into the esophagus

101
Q

gastrointestinal tract

A

the structures of the digestive system

102
Q

gastrorrhea

A

the excessive secretion of gastric juice or mucous in the stomach

103
Q

gastrostomy tube

A

a surgically placed feeding tube from the exterior of the body into the stomach

104
Q

gingiva

A

the specialized mucous membrane that surrounds the teeth, covers the bone of the dental arches, and lines the cheeks; also known as the gums

105
Q

gingivectomy

A

the surgical removal or diseased gingival tissue

106
Q

gingivitis

A

the earliest stage of periodontal disease, and the inflammation affects only the gums

107
Q

halitosis

A

an unpleasant odor coming from the mouth that can be caused by dental diseases or respiratory or gastric disorders; also known as bad breath

108
Q

hard palate

A

the bony anterior portion of the palate that is covered with specialized mucous membrane

109
Q

hematemesis

A

vomiting blood

110
Q

hemoccult test

A

a lab test for hidden blood in the stools

111
Q

hemorrhoidectomy

A

the surgical removal of hemorrhoids

112
Q

hemorrhoids

A

occur when a cluster of veins, muscles, and tissues slip near or through the anal opening

113
Q

hepatectomy

A

the surgical removal of all or part of the liver

114
Q

hepatitis

A

an inflammation of the liver

115
Q

hepatomegaly

A

the abnormal enlargement of the liver

116
Q

hepatorrhaphy

A

surgical suturing of the liver

117
Q

herpes labialis

A

blister-like sores on the lips and adjacent facial tissue that are caused by the oral herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1); also known as cold sores or fever blisters

118
Q

hiatal hernia

A

a condition in which a portion of the stomach protrudes upward into the chest, through an opening in the diaphragm

119
Q

hyperemesis

A

extreme, persistent vomiting that can cause dehydration

120
Q

ileectomy

A

the surgical removal of the ileum

121
Q

ileocecal sphincter

A

the ring-like muscle that controls the flow from the ileum of the small intestine into the cecum of the large intestine

122
Q

ileostomy

A

the surgical creation of an artificial excretory opening between the ileum, at the end of the small intestine, and the outside of the abdominal wall

123
Q

ileum

A

the last and longest portion of the small intestine; extends from the jejunum to the cecum of the large intestine

124
Q

ileus

A

the partial or complete blockage of the small and/or large intestine

125
Q

inflammatory bowel disease

A

the general name for diseases that cause inflammation in the intestines

126
Q

inguinal hernia

A

the protrusion of a small loop of bowel through a weak place in the lower abdominal wall or groin

127
Q

internist

A

a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the internal organs and related body systems

128
Q

intestinal obstruction

A

the partial or complete blockage of the small and/or large intesting caused by a physical obstruction

129
Q

intussusceptions

A

the telescoping of one part of the small intestine into the opening of an immediately adjacent part

130
Q

irritable bowel syndrome

A

a common condition of unknown cause with symptoms that can include intermittent cramping, abdominal pain, bloating, constipation, and/or diarrhea

131
Q

jaundice

A

a yellow discoloration of the skin, mucous membranes, and the eyes

132
Q

jejunum

A

the middle portion of the small intestine; extends from the duodenum to the ileum

133
Q

large intestine

A

extends from the small end of the small intestine to the anus

134
Q

laxatives

A

medications or foods given to stimulate bowel movements

135
Q

lips

A

form the opening to the oral cavity

136
Q

liver

A

a large organ located in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen

137
Q

liver transplant

A

an option for a patient whose liver has failed for a reason other than liver cancer

138
Q

lower esophageal sphincter

A

a muscular ring that controls the flow between the esophagus and stomach

139
Q

malabsorption

A

a condition in which the small intestine cannot absorb nutrients from food that passes through it

140
Q

malnutrition

A

a lack of proper food or nutrients in the body due to a shortage of food, poor eating habits, or the inability of the body to digest, absorb, and distribute these nutrients

141
Q

malocclusion

A

any deviation from the normal positioning of the upper teeth against the lower teeth

142
Q

mastication

A

chewing; breaks food down into smaller pieces, mixes it with saliva, and prepares it to be swallowed

143
Q

maxillofacial surgery

A

specialized surgery of the face and jaws to correct deformities, treat diseases, and repair injuries

144
Q

melena

A

the passage of black, tarry, and foul-smelling stools

145
Q

metabolism

A

includes all of the processes involved in the body’s use of nutrients

146
Q

morbid obesity

A

the condition of weighing two to three times, or more, than the ideal weight; also known as clinically severe obesity

147
Q

nasogastric intubation

A

the placementof a feeding tube through the nose and into the stomach

148
Q

nausea

A

the urge to vomit

149
Q

nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

A

describes a range of conditions characterized by an accumulation of fat within the liver that affect people who drink little or no alcohol

150
Q

nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)

A

consists of fatty accumulations plus liver-damaging inflammation

151
Q

obesity

A

an excessive accumulation of fat in the body

152
Q

occlusion

A

describes any contact between the chewing surfaces of the upper and lower teeth

153
Q

oral cavity

A

contains the lips, hard and soft palates, salivary glands, tongue, teeth, and the periodontium

154
Q

oral rehydration therapy (ORT)

A

a treatment in which a solution of electrolytes is administered in a liquid preparation to counteract the dehydration that can accompany severe diarrhea

155
Q

oral thrush

A

develops when the fungus Candida albicans grows out of control

156
Q

orthodontist

A

a dental specialist who prevents or corrects malocclusion of the teeth and related facial structures

157
Q

ostomy

A

a surgical procedure to create an articial opening between an organ and the body surface

158
Q

palate

A

forms the roof of the mouth

159
Q

palatoplasty

A

surgical repair of a cleft lip and/or palate

160
Q

pancreas

A

a soft, 6 inch long oblong gland that is located behind the stomach

161
Q

papillae

A

small bumps found on the upper surface of the tongue

162
Q

peptic ulcers

A

sores that affect the mucous membranes of the digestive system

163
Q

periodontal disease

A

an inflammation of the tissues that surround and support the teeth

164
Q

periodontist

A

a dental specialist who prevents or treats disorders of the tissues surrounding the teeth

165
Q

periodontium

A

consists of the bone and soft tissues that surround and support the teeth

166
Q

peristalsis

A

a series of wave-like contractions of the smooth muscles in a single direction

167
Q

permanent dentition

A

consists of 32 teeth that are designed to last a lifetime

168
Q

pharynx

A

the common passageway for both respiration and digestion

169
Q

pica

A

an abnormal craving or appetite for nonfood substances, such as dirt, paint, or clay that lasts for at least 1 month

170
Q

primary dentition

A

consists of 20 teeth that are normally lost during childhood and are replaced by the permanent teeth

171
Q

proctectomy

A

the surgical removal of the rectum

172
Q

proctologist

A

a physician who specializes in disorders of the colon, rectum, and anus

173
Q

proctopexy

A

the surgical fixation of a prolapsed rectum to an adjacent tissue or organ

174
Q

proctoplasty

A

the surgical repair of the rectum

175
Q

pyloric sphincter

A

the ring-like muscle that controls the flow from the stomach to the duodenum of the small intestine

176
Q

pylorus

A

the narrow passage that connects the stomach with the small intestine

177
Q

pyrosis

A

the burning sensation caused by the return of acidic stomach contents into the esophagus; also known as heartburn

178
Q

rectum

A

the widest division of the large intestine

179
Q

regurgitation

A

the return of swallowed food into the mouth

180
Q

rugae

A

the folds in the mucosa lining the stomach

181
Q

saliva

A

a colorless liquid that moistens the mouth, begins the digestive process, and lubricates food during chewing and swallowing

182
Q

salivary glands

A

secrete saliva that is carried by ducts into the mouth

183
Q

salmonellosis

A

an infectious disease of the intestines that is transmitted by food contaminated with feces

184
Q

sigmoid colon

A

an S-shaped structure that continues from the descending colon above and joins with the rectum below

185
Q

sigmoidoscopy

A

the endoscopic examination of the interior of the rectum, sigmoid colon, and possibly a portion of the descending colon

186
Q

small intestine

A

a coiled organ up to 20 feet in length that extends from the pyloric sphincter to the first part of the large intestine

187
Q

soft palate

A

the flexible posterior portion of the palate

188
Q

steatosis

A

characterized by accumulations of fat within the liver that usually does not cause liver damage

HOSA Bowl 2022 (35 decks)

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