nutritional aspects of CVD

Question 1

what are CVDs

Answer 1

coronary heart diseases eg MI, sudden death, angina. Stroke, peripheral vascular disease. rheumatic heart disease, congenital heart disease, DVT, PE. all mainly caused by atherosclerosis

Question 2

prevention strategies for CVD

Answer 2

tackling unhealthy lifestyle (eg smoking, bad diet, no exercise). surpassing health risk behaviours would allow to prevent 80% of CVDs and even 40% of cancers

Question 3

proatherogenic diet

Answer 3

cholesterol, saturated fats, trans FA, sodium, alcohol

Question 4

cholesterol

Answer 4

strong positive relationship between plasma level (LDL level) and CHD. hypercholesterolemia due to poor lifestyle or genetics. dietary cholesterol is not a problem unless presence of hypercholesterolemia

Question 5

saturated FAs

Answer 5

high level in diet induce raise of blood cholesterol level. magnitude of effect depends on nature of fatty acid.

Question 6

trans FAs

Answer 6

raise LDL cholesterol and plasma TAG and lower HDL cholesterol. consume no more than 2% of total energy per day

Question 7

carbohydrates

Answer 7

high carbs diet reduces risk of CHD by reducing fat intake. should be around 50% of total energy intake. but not free sugars!!. increase of dietary non starch polysaccharide(fibres) intake has decrease risk of CVD and helps reduce cholesterol level but no effect on VLDL and TAG levels.

Question 8

antioxidants

Answer 8

essential defence against activated oxygen species. include selenium, zinc, manganese, vitamin C and E as well as carotenoids and flavonoids. high intake of vitamin C, E and fruit and veg are associated with lower CVD

Question 9

tea

Answer 9

some evidence that green tea due to catechin content is good for CVD prevention

Question 10

garlic

Answer 10

bioactive ingredient of allicin but needs to have lot in order to have effects.

Question 11

fish oil, N3 PUFA and CVD

Answer 11

N3 PUFA has good beneficial effects on patients who have already suffered a MI, they also reduce sudden death and non fatal MI. should eat 2 portion of fish per week and 1 should be oily

Question 12

whole grains

Answer 12

protective effect against CVD risk 3 servings per day suggested, wheat, oats, increases gut motility so increases ur cholesterol mobilisation. wholemeal bread