Congenital disease and Embryology

Question 1

Ventricular septal defects

Answer 1

gaps originate, most common in membranous part. you can hear murmur. sometimes closes by itself large then may need surgery or medication eg diuretics to reduce fluid in circulation and lungs, surgical- plugging or patching the opening can be catheterised or open heart

Question 2

transposition of great arteries

Answer 2

pulmonary artery and aorta are swapped, cyanosis, weak pulse, poor weight gain, surgery for all

Question 3

atrial septal defects

Answer 3

foramen ovale doesnt close- patent foramen ovale. causes damage to blood vessels of lungs. IRDS and lack of surfactant. murmur. can be treated with medication or surgery if large

Question 4

Dextrocardia

Answer 4

heart tube loops to left side so ventricles lie facing right side of chest instead of left, no symptoms if heart is normal, but can cause cyanosis, sob, pallor, repeat sinus or lung infections, jaundice, if no symptoms then no treatment, treatment depends on physical problems caused. problems can be blocked intestines, infection, HF, repeated pneumonias

Question 5

coarctation of aorta

Answer 5

aorta is narrowed most common in arch. can have no symptoms some can be severe and cause pale skin, heavy sweating, SOB, difficulty feeding, high BP headaches, muscle cramps, no medical treatment, only surgery or stenting

Question 6

tracheoesophageal fistula

Answer 6

trachea and oesophagus do not separate. frothy bubbles in mouth, coughing or choking when feeding, vomiting, cyanosis, SOB, round full abdomen, surgery to fix, and connection is closed

Question 7

oesophageal atresia

Answer 7

closed off passage, two segments one that connects to throat and one that connects to stomach,, choking or vomiting during feeding, tube cannot pass from mouth to stomach, surgery to reconnect

Question 8

lung agenesis

Answer 8

one lung due to failure of lung bud to develop (rare)

Question 9

defects in diaphragm development

Answer 9

hernia (hole in diaphragm so organs in abdomen can move through hole and into chest), pulmonary hypoplasia (lungs are abnormally small and do not have enough tissue and blood flow to allow the baby to breath on their own)