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Laboratory Procedures 2 > Ch. 11 Morphologic Abnormalities of Blood Cells > Flashcards

Ch. 11 Morphologic Abnormalities of Blood Cells Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 scales used to indicate morphologic changes on a blood smear?

A

1+ 2+ 3+ 4+ scale

slight, moderate, marked scale

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2
Q

What is the Pelger-Huet anomaly?

A

a congenital defect characterized by HYPOsegmentation of all granulocyte nuclei

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3
Q

What is nuclear HYPERsegmentation?

A

neutrophils with more than 5 segmented lobes

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4
Q

What is toxic change?

A

disease-induced cytoplasmic changes in neutrophils- associated with conditions such as inflammation, infection, and drug toxicity. If severe suggests bascterial infection. More common in cats, more serious when seen in dogs

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5
Q

Cytoplasmic basophilia, Dohle bodies, giantism, and toxic granulation are types of what?

A

Toxic change

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6
Q

What are inclusions in a cell?

A

An area in the cytoplasm indicating an abnormality such as distemper, parasites, etc

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7
Q

What are reactive lymphocytes?

A

lymphocytes with increased basophilia, sometimes a larger more convoluted nucleus. These changes are caused by antigenic stimulation 2’ to vaccines/infection. Also referred to as immunocytes

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8
Q

What are siderotic granules?

A

granules of hemosiderin present in neuts and monos of animals with hemolytic anemia

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9
Q

What is a smudge cell?

A

degenerative WBCs that have ruptured (small #s may be artifact, large #s associated with leukemia)
Also referred to as BASKET cells

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10
Q

What is karyolysis?

A

a degenerative change to the nucleus characterized by the dissolution of the nuclear membrane (usually neuts, associated with septic exudates)

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11
Q

What is karyorrhexis?

A

the fragmentation of the nucleus after cell death (i.e. apoptosis)

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12
Q

What is Pyknosis?

A

refers to the condensing of the nucleus as the cell dies

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13
Q

What is rouleaux formation?

A

stacking of RBCs

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14
Q

When is increased rouleaux seen?

What species normally have marked rouleaux?

A

increased rouleaux seen with increased fibrinogen or globulin

horses (can also be seen in pigs)

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15
Q

What is autoagglutination? What does it indicate?

A

clumping of RBCs
Indicates an immune mediated disorder in which antibodies coat the RBCs and clump them together (seen with incompatible blood transfusion match)

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16
Q

What is anicocytosis? What are the cell types seen?

A

a variation in the size of RBCs
Macrocytes, Microcytes, or both

(normal in bovine blood)

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17
Q

What is a macrocyte?

A

a RBC with a larger diameter than normal with an increased MCV (usually young RBCs- reticulocytes)

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18
Q

What is a microcyte?

A

RBCs with a smaller diameter than normal with a decreased MCV, may be seen with iron deficiency

19
Q

What is polychromasia?

A

RBCs that exhibit a blue tint when stained with Romanowsky stain

20
Q

What is hypochromasia?

A

decreased staining intensity created by a lack of hemoglobin in the cell

21
Q

What is normochromia?

A

normal staining intensity

22
Q

What is hyperchromatophilia?

A

refers to cells that appear to be more darkly stained than normal cells - usually microcytes or spherocytes

23
Q

What is an anulocyte?

A

bowl shaped cells

usually an artifact

24
Q

What is a torocyte?

A

A punched out looking cell,

usually an artifact

25
Q

What is a poikilocyte?

A

an abnormally shaped RBC

26
Q

What is a schistocyte?

A

RBC fragments usually formed as a result of the shearing of RBC from intravascular trauma

27
Q

What are schistocytes associated with?

A 
disseminated intravascular coagulopathy (DIC) 
vascular neoplasms (hemangiosarcoma)
iron deficiency
28
Q

What is an acanthocyte?

A

irregular, spiculated cells also called spur cells (surface projections are irregular/variable)

29
Q

What are acanthocytes associated with?

A

seen in animals with altered lipid metabolism (hepatic lipidosis)
dogs with hemangiosarcoma - esp middle aged to old large breed dogs

30
Q

What is an echinocyte?

A

spiculated cells with evenly spaced spikes

also called burr cells

31
Q

What are echinocytes associated with?

what is the common name for this abnormality?

A

artifact associated with slow drying smears or prolonged storage. Can be seen with renal disease and lymphosarcoma in dogs
after exercise in horses
normal in pigs

CRENATION

32
Q

What is a depranocyte? Also called what?

A

SICKLE cells
seen in normal deer/angora goats
thought to be a phenomenon caused by high oxygen tension

33
Q

What is a keratocyte? Common names? Associated with?

A

Helmet cell or bite cell

associated with hemangiosarcoma, neoplasia, glomerulaonephritis, hepatic disease

34
Q

What is a spherocyte? What are do they suggest?

A

A darkly staining RBC with NO central pallor

suggest immune mediated destructions of RBCs (hemolytic anemia)

35
Q

What are elliptocytes?

A

oval shaped cells seen in normal camelids

in other species they are associated with lymphoblastic leukemia, hepatic lipidosis, portosystemic shunts, and GN

36
Q

What is a leptocyte?

A

a cell characterized by an increased membrane surface area relative to cell volume- they can take a variety of shapes
associated with anemia, liver dx, some inherited diseases

37
Q

What are eccentrocytes? what are they associated with?

A

these cells appear to have their hemoglobin pushed to one side (area of pallor on one side of the cell)
associated with diabetic ketoacidosis, neoplasia, Babesia canis infections, and after ingestion of oxidants such as garlic, onions, etc.

38
Q

What is a dacrocyte? Associated with?

A

teardrop shaped cells
associated with myelofibrosis and other myeloproliferative diseases
can also be seen in iron deficient llamas/alpacas

39
Q

What is basophilic stippling? associated with?

A

presence of small dark blue bodies within RBCs
common in immature RBCs of ruminants and occ cats
indicates LEAD POISONING in dogs

40
Q

What are Howell-Jolly bodies? Assocaited with?

A

basophilic nuclear remnants (dark blue dots) seen in young RBCs during a reponse to anemia
seen 2’ to spleen removal or with splenic disorders

41
Q

What are Heinz bodies? Associated with?

A

round structures attached to cells that represent denatured hemoglobin
associated with oxidants/chemicals
can be normal in up to 5% of cats RBCs
seen with lymphosarcoma, hyperthyroidism, and DM in cats

42
Q

What do nucleated RBCs indicate?

A

early release of immature RBCs during anemia

43
Q

What are the most common blood parasites?

A

Ehrlichia, Mycoplasma

44
Q

What disease is caused by Mycoplasma in cats?

A

Hemobaronellosis (aka feline infectious anemia)

Laboratory Procedures 2 (8 decks)

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