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Laboratory Procedures 2 > Ch. 27 Physical Examination of Urine > Flashcards

Ch. 27 Physical Examination of Urine Flashcards

1
Q

What are the physical properties of urine?

A

volume, color, odor, transparency, and USG

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2
Q

Pollakiuria

A

frequent urination

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3
Q

Polyuria

A

increased urine production

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4
Q

Polydipsia

A

increased water intake

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5
Q

Oliguria

A

decreased urine production

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6
Q

anuria

A

lack of urine production

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7
Q

what is the normal urine output per day for dogs/cats?

A

20-40ml/kg per day

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8
Q

What conditions is polyuria associated with?

A

DM, nephritis, diabetes insipidus, pyometra, and liver disease
also w/ admin of diuretics, corticosteroids, or fluids

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9
Q

What is oliguria associated with?

A

restricted water access, env. temp increases

acute nephritis, fever, shock, heart disease, and dehydration

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10
Q

what conditions is anuria associated with?

A

UO, urinary bladder rupture, and renal shutdown

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11
Q

What drug is orange urine associated with?

A

tetracycline

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12
Q

What is brown-green urine associated with?

A

bile pigments in the urine

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13
Q

Normal equine/rabbit urine is clear: true or false?

A

FALSE, it is normally cloudy due to a high concentration of calcium carbonate crystals and mucus

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14
Q

When time of day is best if you are trying to obtain the most concentrated urine sample on a patient?

A

mid morning

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15
Q

Hypersthenuria

A

increased USG

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16
Q

Hyposthenuria

A

decreased USG

renal dz, polydipsia, DM, etc

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17
Q

isosthenuria

A

when the USG approaches that of glomerular filtrate (1.009-1.012)
often seen in animals with CKD
urine with the USG has NOT been concentrated or diluted by the kidneys

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18
Q

In an animal with kidney disease, the closer the USG is to isothenuric, the more kidney function has been lost - true or false?

A

TRUE

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19
Q

What is pH?

A

a measure of the degree of acidity or alkalinity of urine (the hydrogen ion concentration)

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20
Q

What determines alkaline urine?

A

pH > 7

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21
Q

What determines acidic urine?

A

pH < 7

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22
Q

What does the pH of a healthy animal largely depend on?

A

their diet

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23
Q

What types of animals have alkaline urine?
acidic urine?
alkaline or acidic urine depending on diet?

A

Herbivores
Carnivores
Omnivores

24
Q

Stress can increase the pH and cause a transient glucosuria especially in cats- true or false?

A

TRUE

25
Q

What are factors that may cause a DECREASED pH (cause acidic urine)?

A

fever, starvation, high protein diet, acidosis, excessive muscular activity, and admin of certain drugs

26
Q

What factors may cause an INCREASED urine pH (cause alkaline urine)?

A

alkalosis, high-fiber (plant based) diet, UTI with urease bacteria, use of certain drugs, or urine retention (as seen with UO or bladder paralysis)

27
Q

What can happen if the urine pH is too high or too low?

A

crystals/uroliths can form

28
Q

What should the protein be in a normal healthy animal’s urine?

A

none to trace

29
Q

What types of urine collection can lead to trace protein readings?

A

voided or expressed samples

30
Q

High protein on a test strip should be confirmed with what test?

A

the sulfosalicylic acid turbidity test

31
Q

microalbuminuria can be tested with a reagent test strip: true or false?

A

FALSE

ELISA needed to test levels of albumin in urine < 30mg/dL

32
Q

What common conditions can lead to proteinuria?

A

acute and chronic renal disease

33
Q

What is the urine protein creatinine ratio used for?

A

to confirm significant amounts of protein in the urine

34
Q

proteinuria

A

presence of protein in urine

35
Q

A trace protein finding in a dilute sample can be significant compared to a trace protein finding in a concentrated sample: true or false?

A

TRUE - since the sample is dilute the protein is actually higher than the reading

36
Q

With acute renal disease what would be found in the urine sample?

A

Marked proteinuria, WBCs, casts

37
Q

With chronic renal disease what would be found in the urine sample?

A

Degree of proteinuria is less than with acute renal disease but samples are often more dilute

38
Q

Multiple myeloma (cancer of the plasma cells) may produce large quantities of what proteins?

A

Bence Jones proteins

39
Q

Glucosuria

A

presence of glucose in urine

40
Q

When glucose in the blood exceeds the renal threshold, it spills into the urine- true or false?

A

TRUE

41
Q

What is the main condition associated with glucosuria?

A

DM

42
Q

What are other causes of glucosuria besides DM?

A

excitement/stress (esp in cats), a high carb meal before testing
rarely with hyperthyroidism, Cushing’s, and chronic liver dz
certain drugs will falsely elevate glucose- vit C, morphine, aspirin, penicllin, cephalosporins

43
Q

What are the 3 ketones?

A

acetone
acetoacetic acid
β -hydroxybutyric acid

44
Q

How are ketones formed?

A

During the incomplete catabolism of fatty acids (when fatty acid metabolism is NOT accompanied by sufficient carbohydrate metabolism excess ketones are present in urine)

45
Q

Ketonuria

A

presence of ketones in urine

46
Q

Ketosis / Toxemia - when do these occur?

A

ketosis occurs in lactating cows
toxemia occurs in sheep when carrying twins or triplets
(both occur when energy requirements outweigh capacity of animal to ingest adequate feed)

47
Q

Ketosis is associated with hypoglycemia and caused by insufficient carb intake Body fat is then metabolized which results in ______?

A

ketonemia / ketonuria

48
Q

Why does ketonuria often occur in animals with DM?

A

because the animal lacks the insulin necessary for carbohydrate metabolism and fat is broken down instead to meet the animal’s energy requirements. This causes excess ketones to be excreted

49
Q

Ketones are important sources of energy and are normally produced during fat metabolism. However too many ketones are toxic and cause ketonuria/ketonemia which lead to what?

A

central nervous system depression and acidosis (ketoacidosis)

50
Q

What other conditions does ketonuria/ketonemia occur with?

A

high fat diets, starvation, fasting, long term anorexia, and impaired liver function

51
Q

What bile pigments are detected in urine?

A

bilirubina and urobilinogen

52
Q

Is conjugated or unconjugated bilirubin found in urine? Why one and not the other?

A

conjugated b/c it’s water soluble

not unconjugated b/s it’s not water soluble

53
Q

Normal dogs (esp males) and cattle can occasionally have bili in their urine: true or false?

A

TRUE

54
Q

Bilirubinuria is associated with what conditions?

A 
bile duct obsruction (calculi in duct, tumors, obstruction of upper intestinal tract)
acute enteritis
pancreatitis 
liver dz
hemolytic anemia (esp in dogs)
55
Q

Hematuria

A

presence of intact RBCs in urine

56
Q

Hemolgobinuria

A

presence of free hemoglobin in urine

57
Q

Myoglobinuria

A

presence of myoglobin (a protein that leaks out of muscle when damage occurs) in urine

Laboratory Procedures 2 (8 decks)

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