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Psychology 2 > Personality > Flashcards

Personality Flashcards

1
Q

what is personality

A

a persons unique pattern of thinking, emotions and behaviour

  • > how you typically behave in situations and what is characteristic of you in that regard
  • > relatively stable and consistent
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2
Q

what are the main personality theories

A
  • > psychodynamic
  • > behaviouristic
  • > social learning
  • > humanistic
  • > trait
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3
Q

personality is not ______

A

character

  • > in terms of evaluation.. honest, moral values

temperament

  • > inherited sensitivity/irritability/ability to adjust
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4
Q

psychodynamic perspectives

A
  • > Freuds psychoanalytic theory - the original
  • > proposed that childhood sexuality and unconscious motivations influence personality
  • > preposed during Victorian era, which is an era of repressed sexuality (women showed arm = whore)
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5
Q

psychoanalysis focused on _______

A
  • > early childhood experiences
  • > unconscious motives
  • > conflicts
  • > sexual and aggressive urges
  • > “psyche” = personality
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6
Q

treatment involved in psychoanalysis

A
  • > expose and interpret unconscious tensions/conflicts

*via free association (subject says literally whatever comes to mind)

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7
Q

freuds concept of unconscious mind

A
  • > he though the unconscious mind is where we keep our unacceptable thoughts, wishes and feeling
  • > now we view it as information processing of which we are unaware
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8
Q

levels of awareness

A
  • > conscious
  • > unconscious
  • > preconscious
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9
Q

structure of personality of Freuds psychoanalytic theory

A
  • > Id (animalistic/wild urges you need to keep in check)
  • > Ego (the part of the personality that deals/balances both sides)
  • > superego (concept of the policing of what we do; conscience)
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10
Q

characteristics of Ego

A
  • > strives to satisfy impulses in ways that causes pleasure, not pain
  • > neurotic anxiety results when ego has trouble controlling id impulses
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11
Q

freuds belief about women

A

he believed that women and girls feel a great betrayal, dismay and feeling of incompetence when they realize that they don’t have a penis

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12
Q

9 Defence mechanisms

A

Denial

Displacement

Identification

Projection

Rationalization

Reaction formation

Regression

Repression

Sublimation

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13
Q

regression

A
  • > retreat to a more infantile state
    ex. when you have a breakup, you climb into bed and grab your teddy bear from when you were a kid and call your mom to come take care of you
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14
Q

reaction formation

A
  • > switches unacceptable impulse into its opposite
    ex. a parent who is resentful of unplanned child becomes over protective
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15
Q

projection

A
  • > disguise own threatening impulse by attributing it to others
    ex. A man who feels insecure about his masculinity mocks other men for acting like women.
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16
Q

rationalization

A

offer self-justifying reason in place of real threatening, unconscious reasons

ex. a person who is turned down for a date might rationalize the situation by saying they were not attracted to the other person anyway

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17
Q

displacement

A

shift impulse toward a less threatening object or person (safer outlet)

ex. you know your boss is being abusive and theres nothing you can do about it, so you come home and yell at your boyfriend

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18
Q

sublimation

A

satisfy an impulse with a substitute object

ex. take kickboxing class to release some aggression

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19
Q

denial

A

block external events from awareness; refuse to experience it

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20
Q

repression

A

push threatening events out of consciousness

ex.

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21
Q

identification

A

try to become like someone else to deal with one’s anxiety

ex. you’re anxious about your boss at work telling you. guys to be faster, nicer, cleaner, ect. then you join in with your boss shitting on everyone

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22
Q

denial vs repression

A

denial

  • > refuse to acknowledge its existence; active

repression

  • > packed it down so deep it’s gone
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23
Q

stages of personality (psychosexual stages) development

A

each stage is characterized by sexual

  1. Oral
  2. Anal
  3. Phallic
  4. Latency
  5. Genital
24
Q

oral stage

A

0-18 months

everything goes in your mouth; food, toys, nipple, food

pleasure focus

  • > on mouth - sucking, biting, chewing
25
Q

anal stage

A

18-36 months

pleasure focus on bowel and bladder elimination

  • > proud if they poop; its how they cope with demands for control
26
Q

phallic stage

A

3-6 years

pleasure focus on genitals

  • > coping with incestuous feelings for their opposite sex parent
  • > someone who fails to exit this stage will consider the other parent as rival, creating skewed gender roles
27
Q

latency stage

A

6-puberty

dominant sexual feelings emerge

28
Q

genital stage

A

puberty+

  • > maturation of sexual interest
29
Q

freudian slip

A

an unintentional error regarded as revealing subconscious feelings

30
Q

what fixed Freuds Oral fixation

A

his love for cigars

31
Q

main criticism of psychoanalytic theory

A
  • > unverifiable concepts (couldn’t falsify)
  • > sexist
  • > description rather than prediction
32
Q

neo-freudians (students)

A

Carl Jung

Alfred Adler

Karen Horney

33
Q

carl jung

A

Freuds apparent heir

  • > believed in personal unconscious
  • > we strive towards individuation, try and be our best selfs
34
Q

alfred adler

A
  • > believed that we drive for superiority, not individualization (compensation, inferiority complex)
  • > emphasize that we are social creatures
  • > broke away from Freud which made Freud furious
35
Q

Karen Horney

A

disagreed with Freuds view of women/male bias

  • > believed that powerful childhood experience can impact your later life
  • > agued people feel isolated and helpless in a hostile world (comes from experiences in childhood)
36
Q

B.F. Skinner

A

pioneer of Behaviourism, he focused more on learning

  • > behaviours are the reflection of our personalities and that we are shaped by society
  • > principle of reinforcement
37
Q

principle of reinforcement

A

action depends on consequences of previous actions (good or bad?)

38
Q

Albert Bandura

A

observational learning (modelling)

  • > argued that our personalities and behaviour are direclty related to what we encounter in our environments
  • > developed over time by experiences
  • > taylor swift
39
Q

Walter Mischel

A

social-cognitive perspectives

  • > deals with persons interaction with situation
  • > behaviour are not consistent across situations
  • > behaviour is dependant on situation (how the situation is perceived by the individual)
  • > marshmallow effect (if you can resist then you’ll get 2)
40
Q

Humanistic perspectives

A

self help, believe in yourself and be the best you can be

Carl Rogers

  • > self actualization
  • > growth and fulfillment
  • > therapist has to be genuine, respectful and empathetic

Abraham Maslow purposed that…

  • > hierarchy of needs
  • > self actualization after base need is met
41
Q

Hans Eysenck

A

pioneer of biological perspectives of personality

  • > all personality trains are subsumed within

*extraversion-introversion

*neuroticism

*psychoticism

  • > genetic basis of personality that are relatively stable and unchanging; environment interact with our biology
42
Q

personality traits vs types

A

Traits

  • > stable qualities that a person shows in most situations

Types

  • > clusters of traits that often appear together
43
Q

the big 5 model (personality traits)

A

(McCrae & Costa)

  1. Openness
  2. Conscientiousness
  3. Extraversion
  4. Agreeableness
  5. Neuroticism (low N - > emotional stability)
44
Q

openness

A

the degree to which you are….

  • > imaginative or practical
  • > interested in variety or routine
  • > independent or conforming
45
Q

conscientiousness

A

the degree to which you are…

  • > organized or disorganized
  • > careful or careless
  • > disciplined or impulsive
46
Q

Extraversion

A

the degree to which you are…

  • > sociable or retiring
  • > fun-loving or somber
  • > affectionate or reserved

*your shoes off self, seek fun

47
Q

agreeableness

A

the degree to which you are

  • > empathic or ruthless
  • > trusting or suspicious
  • > helpful or uncooperative
  • don’t be confused with extraversion, not all extroverts are agreeable*
48
Q

neuroticism

A

the degree to which you are

  • > anxious or calm
  • > insecure or secure
  • > self pitying or self-satisfied
49
Q

Culture and the self and how they differ

A

WEIRD

Westernized

Educated

Industrialized

Rich

Democratic

50
Q

different kinds of personality assessments

A
  • > projective tests
  • > self reports
  • > behavioural assessment
51
Q

Projective Tests

A
  • > ambiguous stimuli (worshuck drawings)
  • > assumption: the ambiguity allows person to project their personality onto stimulu
  • > problem: lacks reliability and validity
52
Q

self reports

A

ask people whether to what extend items describe them

  • > assumption: people have insight into how they think and feel and are willing to and able to report on those insights
  • > problem: social desirability bias, response set
53
Q

behavioural assessment

A

directly observe a person’s behaviour

  • > assumption: behaviour indicates something about their personality (rather than situation
  • > problem: hard to develop objectively
54
Q

personality judgments

A

Gosling et al.

observer rating of offices or bedroom and predict personality, gender, especially extraversion and conscientious

55
Q

personality psychology

A
  • > one of the most popular branches of psychology
  • > the study of variation among individuals (our differences)
  • > study how personality develops and how it influences our behaviour
  • > assess, diagnose, and treat disorders

Psychology 2 (8 decks)

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