Neonatology COPY Flashcards

1
Q

when does the CVS develop in embryology?

A

end of the 3rd week

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2
Q

oxygenated blood via the umbilical vein (in utero) is carried by what?

A

ductus venosus

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3
Q

what is the ductus arteriosus?

A

protects the lungs against circulatory overload

allows the right ventricle to strengthen

carries low oxygen saturated blood

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4
Q

ductus venosus connects what 2 vessels?

A

umbilical vein

IVC

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5
Q

ductus venosus carries what kind of blood

A

mostly oxygenated

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6
Q

ductus venosus, ductus arteriosus, umbilical vein and umbilical arteries become what after birth?

A

ligaments

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7
Q

physiological jaundice can lead to what serious complication?

A

Kernicterus

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8
Q

what is Kerniterus?

A

toxic - deposits in the brain of fat soluble bilirubin

causes cerebral palsy, learning difficulties etc

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9
Q

if a baby is small for gestational age (SGA) or intrauterine growth restriction - what are the possible causes?

A

maternal: smoking, pre-eclamptic toxaemia (PET)
foetal: chromosomal (edwards syndrome) , infection (CMV)
placental: abruption
other: twin pregnancy

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10
Q

what are common problems a small for dates baby may present with?

A

perinatal hypoxia

hypoglycaemia

hypothermia

polycythaemia

thrombocytopenia

GI problems (feeds, NEC)

RDS, infection

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11
Q

preterm respiratory problems

A

RDS (respiratory distress syndrome)

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12
Q

how do you treat RDS

A

prevention (antenatal steroids)

surfactant

early intubation

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13
Q

broncho-pulmonary dysplasia

A

is a form of chronic lung disease that affects newborns (mostly premature) and infants. It results from damage to the lungs caused by mechanical ventilation (respirator) and long-term use of oxygen

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14
Q

brain issues in preterm babies

A

intra-ventricular haemorrhage

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15
Q

Persistent ductus arteriosus

A

additional blood to the pulmonary circulation

you get systemic ischaemia

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16
Q

necrotising entero-colitis

A

ischaemia and inflammatory changes

necrosis of the bowel

parenteral nutrition

17
Q

Jaundice is always abnormal (needs investigating) if it occurs when?

A

within 24 hours of birth

18
Q

Jaundice within 24 hours of being born is likely to be:

A

haemolytic (G2PD, Rh incompatibility)

TORCH (congenital infection)

19
Q

what does TORCH stand for in congenital infections?

A

toxoplasmosis

rubella

CMV

HSV

20
Q

2nd day to 3rd week jaundice causes:

A

breast milk jaundice

physiological jaundice (usually gone after a week)

sepsis

haemolytic disorders

21
Q

jaundice after 3rd week causes:

A

cholestasis

pyloric stenosis

biliary atresia

22
Q

phototherapy in jaundice does what?

A

makes bilirubin into a water soluble isomer

making it able to be excreted

23
Q

where do stork marks appear?

A

back of the neck

midline of the face

(they gradually fade)

24
Q

hypoglycaemia can occur when:

A

premature babies

perinatal stress

25
Q

what are the symptoms of hypoglycaemia in neonates?

A

jitteriness

temperature instability

lethargy

hypotonia

poor suck/feeding

vomiting

seizures

26
Q

how do you treat developmental dysplasia of the hip

A

relocate the femur to acetabulum so hip develops normally

Pavlik harness

27
Q

what are some defects associated with trisonomy 21:

A

dysmorphism (low set ears, single palmar creases)

hypotonia

cardiac defects

learning problems

thyroid problems

28
Q

how do you treat a baby with sepsis?

A

IV penicillin and gentamicin (1st line)

Vancomycin (2nd line)

29
Q

neonatal sepsis bacteria:

A

group B strep

E.coli

listeria

haemophilus influenzae

30
Q

complications of sepsis in a neonate

A

hepatomegaly/jaundice/hepatitis

cataracts/ retinitis

microcephalous

deafness

hydrocephalus

splenomegaly

31
Q

what is TTN?

A

transient tachypnoea of the newborn

32
Q

what are the cases of respiratory distress in the newborn?

A

respiratory distress syndrome (surfactant deficiency)

transient tachypnoea of the newborn

meconium aspiration

sepsis

33
Q

how do you investigate the ‘blue baby’?

A

exam and history

sepsis screen

blood gases and glucose

CXR

ECG

echo

34
Q

differentials for cyanosis in babies

A

tricuspid atresia

truncus arteriosus

pulmonary atresia