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05. Year 1: Cardiovascular System COPY > Embryology of the CVS 2 > Flashcards

Embryology of the CVS 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 methods that blood vessels develop by?

A

Vasculogenesis

Angiogenesis

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2
Q

What is vasculogenesis?

A

New formation of a primitive vascular network

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3
Q

What is the new formation of a primitive vascular network called?

A

Vasculogenesis

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4
Q

What is angiogenesis?

A

The growth of new vessels from pre-existing blood vessels

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5
Q

What is the growth of new vessels from pre-existing blood vessels called?

A

Angiogenesis

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6
Q

What is the process of the formation of the aortic sac?

A

1) First arteries to appear in the embryo are the left and right primitive aortae
2) Each primitive aorta has a ventral part (ventral aorta) and a dorsal part (dorsal aorta)
3) After the fusion on the two endothelial tubes the two ventral aortae partially fuse to form aortic sac
4) Aortic branches arise from the aortic sac

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7
Q

What are the first arteries to appear in the embryo?

A

Left and right primitive aorta

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8
Q

What is the process of the development of the pharyngael arch arteries and aortic branches?

A

1) Pharyngeal arches (future neck) develop during 4th and 5th week
2) Each arch receives its own nerve and artery (pharyngael arteries)
3) Pharyngael arteries communicate with aortic branches (now called aortic arches)
4) 6 aortic arches are formed on each side, all in communication with the dorsal aortae

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9
Q

When does the pharyngael arches develop?

A

During 4th and 5th week

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10
Q

How many pairs are present in the aortic arches?

A

6 pairs

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11
Q

What do the 6 pairs of the aortic arches develop from?

A

Aortic branches and pharyngael arteries

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12
Q

What should be noted about the aortic arches and how long they are present for?

A

They are not all present at the same time

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13
Q

Where do all of the aortic arches terminate?

A

Dorsal aorta

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14
Q

What is the fate of aortic arch 1 and 2?

A

Disappear early, remnant of the 1st arch forms part of the maxilary artery

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15
Q

What is the fate of aortic arch 3?

A

Common carotid and commencement of the internal carotid artery (so is named carotid arch)

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16
Q

What is the fate of aortic arch 4?

A

4th right arch forms the right subclavian

4th left arch constitutes the distal part of aortic arch

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17
Q

What is the fate of the 5th aortic arch?

A

Never forms or forms incompletely and then regresses

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18
Q

What is the fate of the 6th aortic arch?

A

Proximal part of the 6th right arch persists as the proximal part of the right pulmonary artery

6th left arch gives of the left pulmonary artery and forms the ductus arteriosus, within 1-3 months the ductus is obliterated and becomes the ligamentum anteriosum

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19
Q

What does the ductus arteriosus become once it is obliterated?

A

Ligamentum arteriosum

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20
Q

What are the maxillary arteries derived from?

A

Aortic arch 1

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21
Q

What is the common carotid and first part of internal carotid artery derived from?

A

Aortic arch 3

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22
Q

What is the arch of aorta (distal portion) derived from?o

A

Aortic arch 4 left side

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23
Q

What is the right subclavian artery (proximal portion) derived from?

A

Aortic arch 4 right side

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24
Q

What is the left pulmonary artery and ductus arteriosus derived from?

A

Aortic arch 6 left side

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25
Q

What is the right pulmonary artery derived from?

A

Aortic arch 6 right side

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26
Q

What do most defects of the great arteries arise due to?

A

Persistance of aortic arches that normally should regress or regression of arches that normally shouldn’t

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27
Q

What are examples of defects of the great arteries due to aortic arches not regressing or regressing when they shouldn’t?

A

Aberrant subclavian artery

Double aortic arch

Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)

Coarctation of the aorta

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28
Q

What is aberrant subclavian artery?

A

With regression of the right aortic arch 4 and the right dorsal aorta the right subclavian artery has an abnormal origin on the left side, meaning to supply blood to the right arm this forces the right subclavian artery to cross the midline behind the trachea and oesophagus which may constrict these organs

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29
Q

What is double aortic arch?

A

Occurs with the development of an abnormal right aortic arch in addition to the left aortic arch, forming a ring around the trachea and oesophagus which usually causes difficulty swallowing and breathing

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30
Q

What is patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)?

A

Ductus arteriosus fails to close after birth

Early symptoms are common but in the first year of life include increased work of breathing and poor wait gain

Uncorrected PDA may lead to congestive heart failure with increasing age

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31
Q

What does PDA stand up for?

A

Patent ductus arteriosus

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32
Q

What are symptoms of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) in the first year of life?

A

Increased work of breathing

Poor weight gain

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33
Q

What could patent ductus arteriosus lead to in later life?

A

Congestive heart failure

34
Q

What is coarctation of the aorta?

A

Aorta is narrow, usually in the area where the ductus arteriosus (ligamentum arteriosum after regression) inserts

35
Q

What are the 2 kinds of coarctation of the aorta?

A

Preductal (proximal to ductus arteriosus)

Post ductal (distal to ductus arteriosus)

36
Q

What supplies the yolk sac with blood?

A

Vitelline vein and artery

37
Q

What supplies the placenta with blood?

A

Umbilical artery and vein

38
Q

What supplies the rest of the embryonic body with blood?

A

Cardinal artery and vein

39
Q

What does the vitelline arteries and veins supply?

A

Yolk sac

40
Q

What does the umbilical arteries and veins supply?

A

Placenta

41
Q

What does the cardinal arteries and veins supply?

A

The rest of the body

42
Q

What is the fate of the vitelline arteries after birth?

A

Represented by arteries to the foregut, midgut and hindgut

43
Q

What is the fate is the fate of the umbilical arteries after birth?

A

Proximal portion persists as internal iliac and superior vesical branches to urinary bladder

44
Q

What is the embryonic venous system composed of?

A

Vitelline veins

Umbilical veins

Cardinal veins

45
Q

What do the vitelline veins do?

A

Carry blood from the yolk sac to the sinus venosus

46
Q

What do the umbilical veins do?

A

Originate from chorionic villi of placenta carrying oxygenated blood to the embryo

47
Q

What do the cardinal veins do?

A

Drain the body of the embryo

48
Q

What veins drain the body of the embryo?

A

Cardinal veins

49
Q

What supplies the embryo with oxygenated blood from the chorionic villi of the placenta?

A

Umbilical veins

50
Q

What vein carries blood from the yolk sac to the sinus venosus?

A

Vitelline veins

51
Q

What is the fate of the cardinal veins?

A

Form vena caval system by anastomosis amoung the veins

52
Q

What is the main venous system of the embryo composed of?

A

Anterior cardinal veins

Posterior cardinal veins

Common cardinal vein all draining to sinus venosus

53
Q

What is anastomosis?

A

Corss connections between adjacent channels

54
Q

What are cross connections between adjacent channels called?

A

Anastomosis

55
Q

What are examples of venous system abnormalities?

A

Double IVC

Absence of IVC

Left SVC

Double SVC

56
Q

What does IVC stand up for?

A

Inferior vena cava

57
Q

What does SVC stand up for?

A

Superior vena cava

58
Q

When does the lymphatic system develop?

A

End of the 6th week

59
Q

What does the lymphatic system develop around?

A

Main veins

60
Q

In terms of lymphatics, what develops at the end of the embryonic period?

A

Six primary lymph sacs

61
Q

What are some of the lymph sacs that develop at the end of the embryonic period?

A

Jugular lymph sac

Retroperitoneal lymph sac

Cisterna chyli

Iliac lymph sac

62
Q

What is good respiration in neonate dependent upon?

A

Normal circulatory transition at birth (placental circulation to pulmonary circulation)

63
Q

What circulation transition occurs at birth?

A

Placental circulation to pulmonary circulation

64
Q

What are important vascular structures in the transitional circulation?

A

Ductus venosus (shunts left umbilical vein blood flow directly to inferior vena cava allowing oxygenated blood from the placenta to bypass the liver)

Oval foramen (allows blood to enter the left atrium from the right atrium, allowing it to bypass the lungs)

Ductus arteriosus (allows blood that still escapes to the right ventricle to bypass the lungs)

65
Q

What does the ductus venosus allow?

A

Shunts left umbilical vein blood flow directly to inferior vena cava, allowing oxygenated blood from the placenta to bypass the liver

66
Q

What allows blood to bypass the liver?

A

Ductus venosus

67
Q

What does the oval foramen allow?

A

Blood to enter the left atrium from the right atrium, allowing it to bypass the lungs

68
Q

What allows blood to bypass the lungs?

A

Oval foramen

Ductus arteriosus

69
Q

What does the ductus arteriosus allow?

A

Blood that still escapes to the right ventricle to bypass the lungs

70
Q

What are the vessels that blood in fetal circulation goes through?

A

Aorta > descending aorta > abdominal aorta > common iliac artery > placenta > umbilical vein

71
Q

What does the ductus venosus become after birth?

A

Ligamentum venosum of the liver

72
Q

What is the ligamentum venosum of the liver derived from?

A

Ductus venosus

73
Q

What happens to the oval foramen after birth?

A

Closes by tissue proliferation and adhesion of septal structures, becoming the fossa ovalis

74
Q

What is the fossa ovalis derived from?

A

Oval foramen

75
Q

What happens to the ductus arteriosus after birth?

A

Obliterates to form ligamenum arteriosum

76
Q

What is the ligamentum arteriosus derived from?

A

Ductus arteriosus

77
Q

Is patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) more common in males or females?

A

Females

78
Q

What is patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) commonly associated with?

A

Maternal rubella infection (early pregnancy)

79
Q

What is the cause of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)?

A

Failure of muscular wall to contract

Respiratory distress syndrome

Lack of surfactant in the lungs

80
Q

Where does coarctation (constriction) of the aorta occur in 90% of cases?

A

Opposite the ductus arteriosus

81
Q

What causes coarctation of the aorta?

A

Incorporation of muscle tissue of the ductus arteriosus into arch of aorta (during development), ductus arteriosus constricts after birth so part of the arch also does

05. Year 1: Cardiovascular System COPY (41 decks)

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