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netfundies > 1.3 routing and switching concepts > Flashcards

1.3 routing and switching concepts Flashcards

1
Q

What is a broadcast domain?

A

A network segment where all nodes are reachable via broadcasts.

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2
Q

What is a collision domain?

A

A network segment connected by a shared signaling medium where simultaneous data transmissions collide with one another.

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3
Q

What is important to know about broadcasts when it comes to network devices?

A

Broadcasts pass through switches and are stopped by a router.

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4
Q

Can two connected devices have different broadcast domains and collision domains?

Can two devices share both?

A

Yes. If two device are connected to a switch they may share broadcast domains, but not collision domains.

Conversely if two devices are connected to a hub they share both broadcast and collision domains.

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5
Q

What is important to know about collisions when it comes to network devices?

A

Devices connected through wireless signal, a repeater, or a hub all share a single collision domain.

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6
Q

What do half duplex LANs use to prevent collisions?

A

CSMA/CD; Carrier-sense multiple access with collision detection.

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7
Q

What does Wi-Fi uses to solve the hidden node problem?

A

CSMA/CA; Carrier-sense multiple access with collision avoidance.

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8
Q

Explain the difference between simplex and duplex.

A

Simplex: one node can only transmit, and the other can only receive.

Duplex: bi-directional point-to-point communications between nodes. (transceive)

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9
Q

Explain the difference between half duplex, full duplex, and multiplex.

A

Half duplex: Devices must stop transmitting in order to receive, or stop receiving in order to transmit.

Full duplex: Devices can communicate with each other simultaneously.

Multiplex: Multiple signals are combined into one complex one, often use to emulate full duplex over a half duplex channel.

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10
Q

Why might tunneling protocols and VPNs cause MTU issues?

A

IP packets have a supported size 1500 bytes or less as specified by the MTU settings; tunneling requires additional encapsulation which eats up the limited amount of bites and forces fragmentation.

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11
Q

What is requires for two VLANs to communicate?

A

router/L3 switch

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12
Q

How does a trunk function?

A

It adds a VLAN header to ethernet frames so that traffic is associated with a specific logical segment.

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13
Q

Define 802.1Q

A

Standard for striping VLANs across different physical switches through a single interface port, called a trunk port.

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14
Q

What is the difference between a default VLAN and a native VLAN?

A

Default VLAN: the default VLAN number associated with an interface.

Native VLAN: the VLAN on a switch untagged traffic (such as management frames) is sent to.

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15
Q

Why is STP needed?

A

Ethernet has no mechanism to determine if traffic has been received before by a device, creating loops.

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16
Q

What is port mirroring on a switch?

A

Port mirroring makes a copy of frames being sent between two devices and sends that copy to another device not involved in the communication.

Does not interrupt communication, typically used for IDS.

17
Q

What is a DMZ?

A

Demilitarized zone, allows access to only specific devices on an internal network from the outside.

18
Q

What is the MAC address table on a switch?

A

A cache that associates MAC addresses with a physical interface on a switch.

19
Q

What is an ARP table?

A

A cache that associates MAC address with an IP address.

20
Q

What does an ARP request do?

A

ARP request are broadcasts sent to discover unknown MAC addresses that are associated with a known IPv4 address.

21
Q

What has replaced ARP in IPv6?

A

Neighbor Discovery Protocol

22
Q

What is the difference between CSMA/CD and CSMA/CA?

A

CSMA/CD : detects when collisions occur in Ethernet, sends a retransmission request.

CSMA/CA : prevent collisions from occurring to begin with in Wi-Fi communications using a jamming signal.

23
Q

What is a way to troubleshoot MTU issues or determine best manual MTU setting?

A

Send packet with don’t fragment bit to receive an ICMP message that says whether or not frame size is support.

24
Q

What are the reserved VLAN numbers?

A

0, and 4095.

25
Q

What are the 5 STP port states?

A

Disabled - Administrator has completely disabled the port, not participating in STP.

Blocking - Not currently forwarding traffic to prevent a loop.

Listening - Not forwarding, cleaning MAC table and listening for other STP devices.

Learning - Not forwarding and adding to the MAC table.

Forwarding - Forwarding data, fully operational.

26
Q

What is convergence in STP? How does this differ in RSTP?

A

All network devices “agree” on what the network topology looks like. Convergence is much faster in RSTP than STP.

27
Q

What are the 3 interface roles for STP?

A

Root Port- Best path to the root bridge and the only port on the switch that sends data to/from the root bridge.

Blocking/Non-designated Port- Port is not forwarding traffic to prevent a loop.

Designated Port- Best path to adjacent non-root switches away from the root bridge. Root bridge only has DPs.

28
Q

What are BPDUs

A

Bridge Protocol Data Units; frames sent from one switch to another to communicate information about itself, such as its bridge ID, root path costs, and port MAC addresses

29
Q

Power and wattage for standard 802.3af?

A

PoE:
350mA
DCw15.4

30
Q

Power and wattage for 802.3at?

A

PoE+:
600mA
DCw25.5

31
Q

What is CoS?

A

Class of service; layer 2 QoS that modifies Ethernet frame headers for priority, is managed by the 802.1Q trunk/switch.

32
Q

What is Diffserv?

A

Differentiated services, layer 3, a form of QoS provided by the router based on the QoS bits in the IPv4 header.

33
Q

What is the difference between the two forms of QoS?

A

Diffserv operates on layer 3 by modifying IP packet headers.

CoS operates on layer 2 by modifying Ethernet frame headers.

netfundies (19 decks)

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