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rt 206 > 3. Radiation Energy Transfer > Flashcards

3. Radiation Energy Transfer Flashcards

1
Q

Energy emitted and transferred through space

A

Radiation

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2
Q

is any type of radiation that is capable of removing an orbital electron from the atom with which it interacts

A

Ionizing Radiation

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3
Q

the transport of energy through space as a combination of electric and
magnetic fields

A

Electromagnetic Radiation

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4
Q

high-energy waves that can travel great
distances at the speed of light and
generally have a great ability to
penetrate other materials

A

Gamma rays and X-rays

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5
Q

consists of particles that have mass and energy,

and may or may not have an electric charge

A

Particulate Radiation

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6
Q

Particulate Radiation includes:

A
  • Alpha particles
  • Beta particles
  • Neutrons
  • Protons
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7
Q

are emitted from the nuclei of very heavy elements during the process of radioactive decay

A

Alpha particles / Alpha rays

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8
Q

contain 2 protons and 2 neutrons

A

Alpha particles / Alpha rays

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9
Q

virtually harmless as an external source of radiation, however as an internal source, can be very damaging

A

Alpha particles / Alpha rays

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10
Q

identical to high-speed

electrons except for their origin

A

Beta particles/ Beta rays

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11
Q

are emitted from the

nuclei of radioactive atoms

A

Beta particles/ Beta rays

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12
Q

light particles that carry one unit of

negative charge

A

Beta particles/ Beta rays

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13
Q

high-speed nuclear particles that have
an exceptional ability to penetrate other
materials

A

Neutrons

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14
Q

can make objects radioactive

A

Neutrons

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15
Q

Neutrons can make objects radioactive in the processed called

A

Neutron Activation

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16
Q

According to the _____, for a cell to die after radiation exposure, its
target molecule must be inactivated

A

Target Theory

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17
Q

is the target molecule or is the critical molecular target

A

DNA

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18
Q

describes cell lethality and nonlethal

radiation induced cell abnormalities

A

Target Theory

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19
Q

Cell Survival Kinetics

A
  • Single-Target, Single-Hit Model

- Multiple-Target, Single-Hit Model

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20
Q

The cell survival kinetics that occurs on humans

A

Multiple-Target, Single-Hit Model

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21
Q

applies to biologic targets such as enzymes, virus, and simple cells

A

Single-Target, Single-Hit Model

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22
Q

applies to complicated biologic systems

A

Multiple-Target, Single-Hit Model

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23
Q

interaction occurs on DNA molecule

A

Direct Effect

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24
Q

interaction occurs to a noncritical molecule which then

transfers the energy of ionization to the target molecule

A

Indirect Effect

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25
Q

Most common effect

A

Indirect Effect

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26
Q

results in the formation of ions and free radicals

A

Radiolysis of Water

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27
Q

damaging effects/outputs of radiolysis of water

A

Hydrogen Peroxide,

Hydroperoxyl

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28
Q

is an uncharged molecule that contains a single unpaired electron in its outermost or valence shell, which makes it chemically unstable and highly reactive

A

Free Radical

29
Q

Dissociation of water into other molecular products as a result of irradiation

A

Radiolysis of Water

30
Q

OH*

A

hydroxyl free radical

31
Q

H*

A

hydrogen radical

32
Q

is poisonous to the cell and therefore acts as a toxic agent

A

Hydrogen Peroxide

33
Q

along with hydrogen peroxide, is considered to be the principal damaging
product after the radiolysis of water

A

Hydroperoxyl

34
Q

is regarded to be the area of the cell that contains the

target molecule

A

Target

35
Q

A hit is not simply an ionizing event but rather
an ionization that _____ the target
molecule

A

inactivates

36
Q

Radiation is energy given off by matter in the form of

A

rays or high-speed particles

37
Q

All matter is composed of ____

A

atoms

38
Q

Atoms are made up of various parts; the _____ contains minute particles called _____, and the atom’s outer shell contains other particles called _____

A

nucleus,
protons and neutrons,
electrons

39
Q

The nucleus carries a ____ electrical charge, while the electrons carry a ____ electrical charge

A

positive,

negative

40
Q

One form of radiation is pure energy with no weight

A

Electromagnetic radiation

41
Q

is like vibrating or pulsating rays or “waves” of electrical and magnetic energy

A

Electromagnetic radiation

42
Q

include sunlight (cosmic radiation), x-rays, radar, and radio waves

A

Electromagnetic radiation

43
Q

is tiny fast-moving particles that have both energy and mass (weight)

A

Particle radiation

44
Q

positively charged

A

Alpha particles

45
Q

negatively charged

A

Beta particles, gamma rays, x-rays

46
Q

radon-220 half-life

A

seconds

47
Q

thorium-232 half-life

A

million of years

48
Q

One particularly notable fissile material is

A

uranium-235

49
Q

In some elements, the nucleus can split as a result of absorbing an additional neutron, through a process called ______. Such elements are called _____

A

nuclear fission,

fissile materials

50
Q

includes visible light, heat, radar, microwaves, and radio waves

A

Non-ionizing radiation

51
Q

This type of radiation deposits energy in the materials through which it passes, but it does not have sufficient energy to break molecular bonds or remove electrons from atoms

A

Non-ionizing radiation

52
Q

are charged particles, which are emitted from naturally occurring materials (such as uranium, thorium, and radium) and man-made elements (such as plutonium and americium)

A

Alpha Particles

53
Q

example of gamma rays

A

cobalt-60

54
Q

can travel great distances in air and require very thick hydrogen-containing materials (such as concrete or water) to block them

A

Neutrons

55
Q

IONIZATION

A

H2O + irradiation → HOH+ + e−

56
Q

ADDITIONAL IONIZATION

A

H2O + e− → HOH−

57
Q

DISSOCIATION

A

HOH+ → H+ + HO*

HOH− → OH− + H*

58
Q

HYDROGEN PEROXIDE

A

OH* + OH* → H2O2

59
Q

HYDROPEROXYL FORMATION

A

H* + O2 → HO*2

60
Q

HYDROGEN PEROXIDE FORMATION

A

HO2 + HO2 → H2O2 + O2

61
Q

are unstable and therefore exist with

a lifetime of less than 1 ms

A

Free radicals

62
Q

When a hit occurs through indirect effect, the size of
the target appears considerably ____ because of the
mobility of the free radicals

A

larger

63
Q

In the presence of oxygen the indirect effect is
_____, and the volume of action for low-linear energy transfer
(LET) radiation is _____

A

amplified,

enlarged

64
Q

The effective volume of action for high LET radiation remains _____, in that maximum injury will have
been inflicted by direct effect

A

unchanged

65
Q

When oxygen is added to the
system and high-LET radiation is used, the added sphere of influence for each ionizing event, although somewhat
larger, does ___ result in additional hits

A

not

66
Q

The lethal effects of radiation are determined by

observing ____, not ____

A

cell survival,

not cell death

67
Q

At very low radiation doses, cell survival is nearly

A

100%

68
Q

As the radiation dose increases, _____ cells survive because more sustain a hit in both target molecules

A

fewer

rt 206 (9 decks)

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