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RT 206 > 5.1 Biologic Effects of Radiation > Flashcards

5.1 Biologic Effects of Radiation Flashcards

1
Q

Dose-Response Relationship also referred to as

A

Dose-Response Curve

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2
Q

is a graphical
relationship between observed effects (response) from radiation
and dose of radiation received

A

Dose-Response Relationship

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3
Q

these are used to design therapeutic treatment routines for

cancer and provide the basis for radiation management activities

A

Dose-Response Relationship

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4
Q

means that an observed response is directly proportional

to the dose

A

Linear

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5
Q

means that an observed response is not directly

proportional to the dose

A

Nonlinear

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6
Q

assumes that there is a radiation level reached below which

there would be no effects observed

A

Threshold

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7
Q

point at which biologic response to an increasing stimulation
first occurs

A

Threshold

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8
Q

assumes that any radiation dose produces an effect

A

Nonthreshold

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9
Q

are those biologic somatic effects of ionizing radiation that
exhibit a threshold dose below which the effect does not
normally occur and above which the severity of the biologic
damage increases as the dose increases

A

Deterministic Effects

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10
Q

are nonthreshold, randomly occurring biologic somatic changes
in which the chance of occurrence of the effect rather than the
severity of the effect is proportional to the dose of ionizing
radiation

A

Stochastic

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11
Q

Deterministic Effects:

Acute Radiation Syndrome

A
  1. Hematologic Syndrome
  2. Gastrointestinal Syndrome
  3. Central Nervous System Syndrome
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12
Q

Clinical Signs and Symptoms:

Prodromal

A

Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea

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13
Q

Clinical Signs and Symptoms:

Latent

A

None

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14
Q

Clinical Signs and Symptoms:

Hematologic

A

Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea,

anemia, leukopenia, hemorrhage, fever, infection

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15
Q

Clinical Signs and Symptoms:

Gastrointestinal

A

Same as hematologic plus electrolyte imbalance,

lethargy, fatigue, shock

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16
Q

Clinical Signs and Symptoms:

Central Nervous System

A

Same as gastrointestinal plus ataxia, edema, system vasculitis, meningitis

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17
Q

Approximate Dose for Prodromal

A

> 1 Gyt

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18
Q

Approximate Dose for Latent

A

1-100 Gyt

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19
Q

Approximate Dose for Hematologic

A

2-10 Gyt

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20
Q

Approximate Dose for Gastrointestinal

A

10-50 Gyt

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21
Q

Approximate Dose for Central Nervous System

A

> 50 Gyt

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22
Q

Mean Survival Time (Days) for Prodromal

A

none

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23
Q

Mean Survival Time (Days) for Latent

A

none

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24
Q

Mean Survival Time (Days) for Hematologic

A

10-60

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25
Q

Mean Survival Time (Days) for Gastrointestinal

A

4-10

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26
Q

Mean Survival Time (Days) for Central Nervous System

A

0-3

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27
Q

Acute Radiation Syndrome (ARS) :

Response Stages

A
  1. Prodromal Period
  2. Latent Period
  3. Manifest Illness Stage
  4. Recovery or Death
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28
Q

At radiation doses >1 Gyt (100 rad), signs and symptoms of

radiation sickness may appear within minutes to hours

A

Prodromal Period

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29
Q

Symptoms of early radiation sickness are often nausea,

vomiting, diarrhea, and leukopenia

A

Prodromal Period

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30
Q

This period may last from a few hours to a couple of days

A

Prodromal Period

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31
Q

The severity of the symptoms is dose related; the higher the

dose, the shorter the period

A

Prodromal Period

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32
Q

Prodromal Symptoms of 1.2 Gy (120 rads)

A

Anorexia

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33
Q

Prodromal Symptoms of 1.7 Gy (170 rads)

A

Nausea

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34
Q

Prodromal Symptoms of 2.1 Gy (210 rads)

A

Vomiting

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35
Q

Prodromal Symptoms of 2.4 Gy (240 rads)

A

Diarrhea

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36
Q

A period of well-being

A

Latent Period

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37
Q

is sometimes

mistakenly thought to indicate an early recovery from a moderate radiation dose

A

Latent Period

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38
Q

extends from hours or less (at doses in

excess of 50 Gyt) to weeks (at doses from 1 to 5 Gyt)

A

Latent Period

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39
Q

During this period, the patient is noticeably ill, showing signs
and symptoms of the specific syndrome reflecting the organ
system which is damaged

A

Manifest Illness Stage

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40
Q

Lasts from minutes to weeks, depending on dose

A

Manifest Illness Stage

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41
Q

is characterized by a reduction

in white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets

A

Hematologic Syndrome

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42
Q

Radiation doses in the range of approximately 2 to 10 Gyt

200–1000 rad

A

Hematologic Syndrome

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43
Q

Hematologic Syndrome:

Prodromal period

A

–occurs in a matter of few hours and may persist for several

days post exposure

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44
Q

Hematologic Syndrome:

Latent period

A

can extend up to 4 weeks

45
Q

–is characterized by possible vomiting, mild diarrhea, body
malaise, lethargy, and fever. Each type of blood cell then
follows a characteristic pattern of depletion
–If the dose is not lethal, recovery begins in 2-4 weeks, may
require up to 6 mos for full recovery
–If the radiation injury is severe enough, it could lead to
death. Just before death, hemorrhage and dehydration may
be pronounced.

A

Hematologic Syndrome:

Manifest Illness period

46
Q

Radiation doses of approximately 10 to 50 Gyt (1000–5000

rad)

A

Gastrointestinal Syndrome

47
Q

Gastrointestinal Syndrome: Prodromal period

A

Symptoms of vomiting and diarrhea occur within hours of

exposure and persist for hours up to a day

48
Q

Gastrointestinal Syndrome: Latent period

A

3 to 5 days

49
Q

begins with a second wave of nausea and vomiting followed by
diarrhea, then gets anorexic and lethargic. The diarrhea persists
and becomes more severe, leading to loose and then watery
and bloody stools. Supportive therapy cannot prevent the rapid
progression of symptoms that ultimately leads to death within 4
to 10 days of exposure.

A

Gastrointestinal Syndrome: Manifest Illness period

50
Q

Radiation doses in excess of 50 Gyt (5000 rad)

A

Central Nervous System

51
Q

characterized by increased intracranial pressure,
inflammatory changes in the blood vessels of the brain
(vasculitis), and inflammation of the meninges (meningitis)

A

Central Nervous System

52
Q

Central Nervous System:

Prodromal period

A

The patient may become extremely nervous and confused,
may describe a burning sensation in the skin, may lose vision,
and can even lose consciousness within the first hour

53
Q

Central Nervous System:

Latent period

A

Lasts up to 12 hours

54
Q

Symptoms of the prodromal stage return but are more
severe. The person becomes disoriented; loses muscle
coordination; has difficulty breathing; may go into convulsive
seizures; experiences loss of equilibrium, ataxia, and lethargy;
lapses into a coma; and dies

A

Central Nervous System:

Manifest Illness period

55
Q

the whole body radiation
dose that causes 50% of
irradiated subjects to die within
60 days

A

LD 50/60

56
Q

LD 50/60 (Gyt) of Pig

A

2.5

57
Q

LD 50/60 (Gyt) of Dog

A

2.8

58
Q

LD 50/60 (Gyt) of Human

A

3.5

59
Q

LD 50/60 (Gyt) of Guinea pig

A

4.3

60
Q

LD 50/60 (Gyt) of Monkey

A

4.8

61
Q

LD 50/60 (Gyt) of Opossum

A

5.1

62
Q

LD 50/60 (Gyt) of Mouse

A

6.2

63
Q

LD 50/60 (Gyt) of Goldfish

A

7.0

64
Q

LD 50/60 (Gyt) of Hamster

A

7.0

65
Q

LD 50/60 (Gyt) of Rat

A

7.1

66
Q

LD 50/60 (Gyt) of Rabbit

A

7.3

67
Q

LD 50/60 (Gyt) of Gerbil

A

10.5

68
Q

LD 50/60 (Gyt) of Turtle

A

15

69
Q

LD 50/60 (Gyt) of Armadilo

A

20

70
Q

LD 50/60 (Gyt) of Newt

A

30

71
Q

LD 50/60 (Gyt) of Cockroach

A

100

72
Q

As the whole-body radiation
dose increases, the average
time between exposure and
death decreases

A

Mean Survival Time

73
Q

All organs and body tissues can be affected by partial body

irradiation and result in cell death

A

Local Tissue Damage

74
Q

Tissue response depends on its radiosensitivity, reproduction,
and maturation rates

A

Local Tissue Damage

75
Q

Local Tissue Damage common parts

A

Skin,
Gonads,
Bone Marrow

76
Q

reduction in size of cell, organ or tissue

A

Atrophy

77
Q

Skin consist of 3 layers:

A

epidermis,
dermis,
hypodermis

78
Q

Skin cells are replaced at the rate of

approx ___ per day

A

2%

79
Q

sunburn-like reddening of

the skin

A

Erythema

80
Q

shedding of outer

layer of skin

A

Desquamation

81
Q

defined as the received quantity of radiation that causes

diffuse redness over an area of skin after irradiation

A

Skin Erythema Dose

82
Q

skin erythema dose required to affect 50% of those

irradiated (SED50) is about _____

A

5 Gyt (500 rad)

83
Q

If epidermis is exposed to ____ doses, it will heal by regenerating

A

moderate

84
Q

Skin damage extreme manifestations include:

A

atrophy fibrosis, changes in

pigmentation, ulcers, necrosis (tissue death), and cancer may occur

85
Q

Hair follicles are ______

A

radiosensitive

86
Q

Sebaceous and sweat glands are ______

A

radioresistant

87
Q

loss of hair

A

Epilation

88
Q

temporary hair loss

A

Alopecia

89
Q

Threshold dose (Gyt) of Early transient erythema

A

2

90
Q

Threshold dose (Gyt) of main erythema

A

6

91
Q

Threshold dose (Gyt) of temporary epilation

A

3

92
Q

Threshold dose (Gyt) of permanent epilation

A

7

93
Q

Threshold dose (Gyt) of moist desquamation

A

15

94
Q

Potential Radiation Response illness order

A
  1. Early transient
  2. Main Erythema
  3. Temporary epilation
  4. Permanent epilation
  5. Moist desquamation
95
Q

Early Effects on Skin

A
  • Erythema
  • Inflammation
  • Dry Desquamation
  • Moist desquamation
96
Q

Late Effects on Skin

A
  • Atrophy
  • Fibrosis
  • Hyper-/hypo-pigmentation
  • Ulceration
  • Necrosis
  • Cancer
97
Q

Effect on Accessory Structures of Skin

A
  • Epilation

- Destruction of sweat and sebaceous glands

98
Q

The lens of the eye contain ______ cells that may be damaged by radiation

A

radiosensitive

99
Q

formation of cataracts due to radiation exposure

A

Radiation cataractogenesis

100
Q

The threshold dose for radiation-induced cataracts is approx
_____,
at doses _____ all irradiated will develop
cataracts

A 
200 rad (2 Gy),
>700rad (7 Gy)
101
Q

Human gonads are extremely ______

A

radiosensitive

102
Q

In females, Doses as low as ___ have caused observable responses

A

10 rad

103
Q

As gonads create ____
cells that control fertility and heredity, their response to
irradiation has been analyzed thoroughly

A

germ

104
Q

doses as low as ____ may delay or suppress

menstration

A

100 mGy (10 rad)

105
Q

In both male and females, approx 2 Gy (200 rad) results in

A

temporary infertility

106
Q

In both male and females, approx 5 Gy (500 rad) results in

A

permanent sterility

107
Q

In males, doses as low as ____ can reduce number of spermatozoa

A

100 mGy (10 rad)

108
Q

consists of bone marrow, circulating

blood, and lymphoid tissue

A

hemopoietic system

109
Q

the principal effect of radiation is a decrease in number of

blood cells in the circulating peripheral blood

A

Hematologic Effects

RT 206 (9 decks)

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