11.2, 11.3, 11.4 Flashcards

Question

As the number of carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon increases:

Answer 1

the boiling point increases the viscosity increases the volatility decreases.

Answer 2

The chemical reaction that breaks long-chain hydrocarbons into smaller chained compounds. Occurs through heating(typically about 500 °C) and the use of a catalyst.

Answer 3

The addition reaction with hydrogen occurs at a temperature of approximately 200 °C in the presence of a nickel catalyst. This reaction is sometimes referred to as hydrogenation. Two hydrogen are added

Answer 4

Another addition reaction occurs when ethene is heated to 300 °C in the presence of steam and phosphoric acid, which acts as a catalyst, to produce ethanol. Just as in the previous reaction, the presence of the C=C double bond breaks, resulting in the addition of OH to produce an alcohol compound called ethanol The water splits into an H atom and an –OH group. Both the hydrogen atom and the –OH group are added as the double bond is broken. The hydrogen bonds with one of the carbons, the –OH group with the other.

Answer 5

Fermentation: C6H12O6(aq) → 2C2H5OH(l) + 2CO2(g) glucose → ethanol + carbon dioxide The enzymes in yeast breaks down the sugar to produce ethanol and carbon dioxide. This process happens in the absence of air (oxygen), and at moderate temperatures of 25–35 °C. Catalytic addition of steam to ethene: C 2 H 4 Ethene + H 2 O → C 2 H 5 OH Ethanol This reaction happens at 300 °C in the presence of an acid catalyst such as phosphoric acid. A high pressure (60 atmospheres or 6000 kPa) is also needed.

Answer 6

Is liquid at room temperature It is volatile and has a boiling point of 78C Highly flammable Is a good soluble

Answer 7

solvents. in marker pens, medicines, and cosmetics, drinks and fuels

Answer 8

Fermentation: Sustainability: ✔ Fermentation uses crops and waste plant material, which is a sustainable source. ✗ The use of crops for fermentation could impact on food supply. Process: ✗ Fermentation requires ethanol to be produced in batches so it is a stop-start process. Cost: ✔ Fermentation can be conducted at low temperatures so is a relatively inexpensive process Product: ✗ Fermentation requires the impure product to be refined by fractional distillation. Hydration: Sustainability: ✗ Hydration uses petroleum from fossil fuels, which will eventually run out. Process: ✔ Hydration can produce ethanol continuously to meet market demands. Cost: ✗ Hydration requires high temperatures and pressure, which is expensive. ✔ Hydration can produce ethanol in a fully automated factory requiring little input from human workers. Product: ✔ Hydration can yield pure ethanol that does not need further refinement.

Answer 9

An organic compound containing a –COOH functional group.

Answer 10

CH3COOH. It is a weak acid. It dissolves in water to form solutions with a typical pH of 2.5

Answer 11

Using acid fermentation Bacteria such as acetobacter contain enzymes that catalyse the oxidation of ethanol to ethanoic acid and water Using acidified potassium manganate(VII) Potassium manganate(VII), KMnO4 is a strong oxidising agent and is used in the presence of sulfuric acid and heat to produce ethanoic acid

Answer 12

An organic compound, containing a –COO– group, that is produced when an alcohol reacts with a carboxylic acid in the presence of an acid catalyst this is called esterification

Answer 13

the C–O bond of the OH hydroxyl group in ethanoic acid breaks the O–H bond in ethanol breaks the two remaining parts from each molecule join together forming a C–O bond for the ester OH and H combine to form water (a condensation reaction).

Answer 14

Organic compounds that contain a long chain of monomer units.

Answer 15

When single units of an alkene (monomer) join together to form a very long chain (polymer). Poly(ethene) is made by addition polymerisation. Very many ethene molecules react together, joining end to end to make poly(ethene) molecules, without any other product forming

Answer 16

The smallest section of a polymers structure that can accurately represent the whole molecule. represented as n

Answer 17

Land fill burning or use biodegradable plastics

Answer 18

The reaction between two smaller molecules to form a larger molecule and a small molecule such as water.

Answer 19

A condensation polymer made from a dicarboxylic acid and diamine. Nylon is a polyamide. They are made from two different monomers: a dicarboxylic acid, a molecule that contains two COOH groups a diamine, a molecule that contains two NH2 groups.

Answer 20

The chemical bond in a polyamide, comprising of a C=O bond and N–H bond. The chemical bond in a polyester, comprising of a C=O bond and C–O bond.

Answer 21

A condensation polymer formed from by the reaction of a dicarboxylic acid and a diol. PET is a polyester. A common polyester is known as PET (the full chemical name is poly(ethylene) terephthalate but you do not need to remember this). Polyesters are made from two different monomers: a dicarboxylic acid (just like polyamides) a diol, a molecule that contains two OH groups (unlike polyamides).

Answer 22

A long chain of amino acids joined together by amide linkages – an example of a natural polymer. They are formed from amino acid monomers. Unlike the monomers for synthetic polyamides such as nylon, each amino acid has two different functional groups: an NH2 group a COOH group.

Answer 23

The letter R in the structure represents a side group Proteins are made from different numbers and combinations of 22 naturally-occurring amino acids.

Answer 24

Bromine water Turns from brown to colourless

11.2, 11.3, 11.4 Flashcards

(48 cards)