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M11 > 11.2 Aircraft Structures - General Concepts > Flashcards

11.2 Aircraft Structures - General Concepts Flashcards

1
Q

when changing a component, what is the responsibility of the engineer?

A

to inspect the surrounding area for corrosion, fretting, cracking, pitting among others

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2
Q

what are aircraft structures designed to carry?

A

load or resist stress

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3
Q

what must every part of the aircraft be planned to carry?

A

loads imposed upon it

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4
Q

what type of analysis is completed to determine loads on aircraft structure?

A

stress analysis

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5
Q

what 3 types of structural design philosophies is there?

A
  • failsafe
  • damage tolerance
  • fatigue
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6
Q

what does the failsafe method rely on?

A

duplication of certain structural members

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7
Q

is the failsafe method purely for structural members?

A

no. (can be used in cabin windows for example)

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8
Q

what is the advantage of damage tolerance over failsafe?

A

damage can be detected during normal inspections before failure

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9
Q

how does the damage tolerance method differ from failsafe?

A

failure of one load member will not degrade structure, loads will transfer to other areas of the member

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10
Q

fracturing from a series of cyclic loading is known as what?

A

fatigue

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11
Q

what is fatigue?

A

ultimate static load the material can take

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12
Q

what is done to verify the fatigue life of aircraft structure?

A

fatigue testing, subjected to various loads. accurate prediction of life

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13
Q

what 3 types of structure is there?

A
  • primary
  • secondary
  • tertiary
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14
Q

what are the definitions for the 3 types of structure?

A
  • primary = critical load-bearing structure, may result in injury or death
  • secondary = not primary load bearing, failure wouldn’t reduce structural integrity,
  • tertiary = not load carrying members, don’t form an integral portion of the airframe
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15
Q

what are the 5 main structural units?

A
  • fuselage
  • wings
  • stabilisers
  • flight control surfaces
  • landing gear
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16
Q

what are airframe components made up of? [5]

A
  • stringers
  • ribs
  • frames
  • bulkheads
  • skins and others
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17
Q

what 6 types of strucural stresses are there?

A
  • tension
  • compression
  • torsion
  • shear
  • bending
  • hoop stress
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18
Q

what is hoop stress?

A

due to presurisation of the aircraft, stretching of aircraft and expansion of the circumference of skin

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19
Q

what is a body station?

A

vertical plane at right angle to the aircraft centre line

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20
Q

where is body station measured from?

A

predetermined position infront of the aircraft nose

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21
Q

what is the body buttock lines? and where do you look to determine this?

A

from the rear of the aircraft

parallel to the aircraft centre line, LBBL and RBBL

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22
Q

what is body water lines?

A

horizontal plane at the right angle to body station

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23
Q

Where is the body waterline measured from?

A

From the underneath the fuselage or the floor from inside the fuselage

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24
Q

What coordinates can be found on the wing? [3]

A
  • Wing reference plane
  • Wing buttock lines
  • Wing stations
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25
How is the wing buttock line plane viewed?
Vertical plane at a right angle to the wing reference plane
26
How is wing station viewed?
At a right angle to the rear spar and wing reference plane
27
What coordinates are found on the nacelles? [3]
- Nacelle stations - Nacelle buttock lines - Nacelle water lines
28
How is nacelle station viewed?
Vertical plane at a right angle to nacelle centreline
29
Where is nacelle station zero found on Boeing aircraft?
In front of the forward engine mount
30
What nacelle buttock line relative to?
Wing buttock line
31
What are nacelle waterlines?
Parallel to wing reference plane
32
Where is nacelle water line zero?
Below the nacelle
33
What coordinates are found on the horizontal stabiliser? [4]
- Stabiliser chord plane - Buttock line stations - Leading edge stations - Elevator stations
34
What other name is there for stabiliser chord plane?
Horizontal stabiliser reference plane
35
What is stabiliser chord plane?
Plane through leading and trailing edges
36
What is horizontal stabiliser buttock line?
At a right angle to the stabiliser chord plane and parallel to the body centre line
37
What is stabiliser station?
Right angle to the stabiliser chord plane and to horizontal stabiliser rear spar
38
What is stabiliser leading edge station?
Plane at a right angle to the horizontal stabiliser leading edge
39
What is the elevator station?
Plane at a right angle to the elevator hinge centre line
40
What coordinates can be found on the vertical stabiliser? [4]
- Fin stations - Waterlines - Leading edge stations - Rudder stations
41
What is fin station?
Plane at a right angle to the centre line of the vertical stabiliser rear spar
42
What is fin water lines?
Horizontal plane parallel to body water line
43
What is vertical stabiliser leading edge station?
Plane at a right angle to stabiliser leading edge
44
What is rudder station?
Right angle to rudder hinge centre line
45
What do airbus use to as a form of coordinates?
X Y Z with relevant axis’
46
Which coordinate for airbus doesn’t have a negative value? Why?
X because you would be walking away from the aircraft
47
How is nacelle station measured on airbus aircraft?
Zero located aft of body station
48
What station will you find on horizontal and vertical stabilisers on airbus aircraft?
Horizontal stabiliser station and vertical stabiliser station
49
How many major zones are there?
8
50
Name the 8 major zones with there numbers?
``` 100 = lower fuselage. 200 = upper fuselage 300= empennage. 400= left wing 500 = right wing. 600 = engines 700 = landing gear 800 = doors ```
51
How do you identify the right and left side of the aircraft in regards to zones?
Odd middle number = left hand side ( 110) | Even middle number = right hand side (120)
52
What is required on the lower pressurised fuselage to prevent fluids becoming trapped?
Drain holes
53
Where are drain holes fitted?
Lowest parts of the lower fuselage
54
In drain holes, What is fitted to prevent loss of air during aircraft pressurisation?
Bilge-like valves
55
in drain holes, What position are the valves when the aircraft are pressurised?
Closed position
56
What basic protection is there for lightning?
Almost all metal external structure
57
What does the external structure protect during lightning strikes?
Electrical systems and wiring from electromagnetic interference
58
What 2 damage types may you find in a lightning strike?
- Direct (surface burned) | - indirect (electrical damage)
59
What does bonding provide?
Low resistance return path for single wire electrical systems
60
What must be removed to ensure a low resistance connection for bonding leads?
Non-conducting paint and anodising films
61
What is the process of connecting shields of shielded cables to the aircraft structure, called?
Grounding
62
What is the name of sections of aircraft that are built in individual countries and assembled in one country called?
Manufactures joint or production break
63
What two types of fuselage construction is there?
Truss type | Monocoque type
64
What structural members does a truss type construction have? [3]
- Beams - Struts - Bars
65
What type of loads can a truss type fuselage carry? [2]
- Tension | - compression
66
What two types of monocoque construction is there? [2]
- True monocoque | - Semi-monocoque
67
What part of a true monocoque construction carries the primary stresses?
The skin
68
What structural members are there within a true monocoque construction? [3]
- Formers - frame assemblies - bulkhead
69
In addition to Formers, frame assemblies and bulkhead, what else can be found in a semimonocoque construction?
Longitudinal members
70
Where might you find steel and titanium in a semi monocoque construction?
Areas of high temperature
71
What loads do longerons take?
Bending
72
What is the purpose of stringers? [2]
- Giving shape | - for attachment of the skin
73
What will the thickness of the fuselage skin depend on? [2]
- Load carried | - stress sustained
74
What is the main advantage of a semi monocoque construction?
May withstand considerably more damage
75
What are floor boards made out of ?
Honey comb composite construction
76
What else is done when the floor is laid in “wet areas”?
Sealed to prevent corrosion
77
How are the wings attached to the fuselage?
Via a wing box
78
What are the wing boxes designed to provide?
Support and rigidity to the wings
79
Generally, where is the wing box located?
At the strongest part of the fuselage
80
What can the wing box absorb and distribute?
- Stresses | - distribute across the supportive framework
81
How is the horizontal stabiliser attached to the main fuselage?
Via Box section
82
How is the vertical stabiliser attached?
Attached by large machined fittings
83
What can be found in a nacelle strut assembly? [6]
-Torque box, -Firewall and fire sealing -Fairings -Strut drains -Fan cowl support beam Engine attach fittings
84
What 3 types of surface protection is there?
- Pretreatment - Paint coatings - Special coatings
85
What effects does cleaning an aircraft have? [2]
- Decreases drag | - makes it more fuel efficient
86
What must you use when cleaning an aircraft?
Water between 7 and 8 ph and a chlorine level of less than 100ppm

M11 (22 decks)

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