1.1.2 Primary and Secondary & Short-term and Long-term responses of tectonic hazards

Question 1

Primary effects of an earthquake: (3p)

Answer 1

• Buildings and bridges collapse
• Roads, railways and airports damaged
• People are injured or killed by collapsed buildings

Question 2

Secondary effects of earthquakes: (3p)

Answer 2

• Can trigger landslides or tsunamis
• People are made homeless
• Leaking gas can be ignited, starting flames

Question 3

Short-term responses of earthquakes:(4p)

Answer 3

• Rescue people trapped
• Put out fires
• Provide temporary supplies
• Aid sent by charities

Question 4

Long-term responses of earthquakes (2p)

Answer 4

• Re-house people who lost their homes
• Repair damaged roads and buildings

Question 5

Primary effects of volcano: (4p)

Answer 5

• Suffocation from volcanic ash
• Crops and livestock death
• Damaged buildings
• Death

Question 6

Secondary effects of volcanoes: (4p)

Answer 6

• Lahars(mudflows)
• Tsunami
• Infrastructure damage
• Fertile soil

Question 7

Immediate responses to volcanoes: (3p)

Answer 7

• Evacuation
• Temporary homes set up
• Aid offered by charities

Question 8

Long-term responses of volcanoes (2p)

Answer 8

• Relocation
• Rebuild infrastructure

Question 9

Difference between the epicentre and the focus (2p)

Answer 9

• Focus=The point inside the Earth’s crust where the earthquake originates from
• Epicentre= the point on the earth’s surface where directly above the focus

Question 10

Difference between shallow-focus and deep-focus earthquakes (2p)

Answer 10

Shallow-focus= Stronger earthquakes because they’re closer to the surface
Deep-focus= Weaker as the seismic waves have further to travel