Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Hospital Based Medicine And Surgery > L19: Colorectal Cancer > Flashcards

L19: Colorectal Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

What is the small intestine divided into

A

Duodenum
Jejenum
Ileum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the junction between the small and large bowel

A

Ileocaecal junction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the large bowel divided into

A 
Cecum 
Ascending colon
Transverse colon
Descending colon
Sigmoid colon
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the layers of the small bowel

A

Innermost layer: mucosa (made of the epithelium, lamina propia and musclaris mucosa
Second layer: submucosa and muscularis (inner and outer longitudinal muscle)
Third outer layer: serosa made of the areolar connective tissue and epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the difference in small and large bowel mucosa

A

Small bowel:
Place circulares and vili for absorption
Crypts that have paneth cells

Large bowel:
Does not have villi
Has crypts but no paneth cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the 2 condition in a inflammatory bowel disease

A

Crohn’s disease

Ulcerative colitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What areas does Crohn’s disease affect

A

The entire GIT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What layers does Crohn’s disease affect

A

All the layers (transmural)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What areas does ulcerative colitis occur at

A

Colon and rectum and is continues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What areas does ulcerative colitis affect in the bowel

A

Mucosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Which IBD is worsened by smoking

A

Crohn’s disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What can form in inflammatory bowel disease as a complication

A

Stricture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What type of stricture will form in ulcerative colitis

A

Mucosal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What type of stricture will form in Crohn’s disease

A

Transmurla stricture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What can transmural strictures cause

A

Bowel obstruction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the complication in Crohn’s disease

A 
Stricture
Fistula: tube between the 2 epithelial lining 
Abscess 
Malabsorption
Gallstones 
Steatorrhea 
B12 and vitamin d 
Fatigue
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the complication in ulcerative colitis

A 
Strictures 
Toxic megacolon
Bowel obstruction 
Malignancy 
Fatigue 
Venous thrombosis 
Cholangiocarcinoma 
Arthritis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the symptoms of IBD

A 
Abdominal pain
Diarrhoea 
Pr bleeding
Pyrexia
Weight loss
Malnutrition
Dry red eyes
Back pain
Stiff joints
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What investigations can be carried in IBD

A

Bloods: fbc, CRP, LFT, UE, blood cultures if pyrexic
Imaging: Cxr, AXR, ct scan
Endoscopy: colonoscopy, gastroscopy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What criteria can we use to assess the severity ulcerative colitis

A

True love and witts criteria

21
Q

What is the distribution of inflammation like in Crohn’s

A

Patchy

22
Q

What is the distribution of inflammation like in ulcerative colitis

A

Continous

23
Q

Which layers are affected in Crohn’s disease

A

Transmural (all layers)

24
Q

Which layers are affected in ulcerative colitis

A

Mucosal

25
Q

Which IBD can show granuloma on macroscopy

A

Crohn’s disease

26
Q

Which IBD can show fibrosis

A

Crohn’s disease

27
Q

Which IBD is likely to present with fistulas

A

Crohn’s disease

28
Q

What is the management of IBD

A

Reduce inflammation; steroids and antibiotics
Fluid replacement
Accurate stool record
VTE prophalyxis- due to high risk of them developing clots due to hypercoaguable state due to inflammation

29
Q

What is the long term management of IBD

A

Surgery

Immunotherapy e.g aminosalicyclic acid

30
Q

What are IBD patients at risk of developing

A

Colorectal cancer

31
Q

What is the commonest type of colorectal cancer

A

Adenocarcinoma

32
Q

What are the 3 types of adenomas

A

Tubular
Villous
Tubuvillous

33
Q

What are colonic adenomas

A

Benign precursors to colorectal cancer characterised by dysplastic epithelium

34
Q

What is the presentation of a colonic adenoma

A

Usually asymptomatic
Large polyp that can cause bleed and cause anaemia
Villous adenoma can lead to hypokalaemia

35
Q

What is the adenoma carcinoma sequence

A

A sequence of how a adenoma can transform into a carcinoma

36
Q

Describe the adenoma carcinoma sequence

A
  1. Starts off with normal colon
  2. Normal colon transforms into a adenomatour polyp with genetic endogenous factors
  3. Endogenous and exogenous factors can then from the adenoma into a dysplastic polyp
  4. Increase in oxidative stress can cause dysplastic polyp into a colon cancer
37
Q

What are examples of endogenous factors that can cause adenomatous polyp to dysplastic polyp

A

Inflammation

Oxidative stress

38
Q

What are exogenous factors that can cause adenomatous polyp to dysplastic polyp

A

Drugs
Smoking
Diet
Obesity

39
Q

Which part of the colon does a colorectal cancer most commonly affect

A

The rectum

40
Q

What can a right sided cancer present as

A 
Anaemia
Changes in bowel habit 
Right iliac fossa mass 
Bowel obstruction 
Acute appendicitis
41
Q

What can a left sided cancer present as

A

Pr bleeding
Change in bowel habit
Left iliac fossa mass
Bowel obstruction

42
Q

What can rectal tumours present as

A

Pr bleed
A sense of incomplete pooing as the tumour enlarges it will stretch the rectum and result in a sensation
Morning diarrhoea
Perforation, haemmorhage or fistula

43
Q

What is the most common tumour marker for colorectal cancer to look for in the blood

A

CEA

44
Q

What other blood test can be carried out in colorectal cancer

A

FBC: anaemia
LFT: degrranged lfts for liver mets
Renal profile- if a pelvic tumout obstruct the ureters it can cause post renal aki

45
Q

What imaging can be carried out in colorectal cancer

A

AXR
Cxr
Ct abdomen and pelvis

46
Q

What invasive procedures can be carried to investiagate for colorectal cancer

A

Endoscopy
Flexible sigmoidoscopy
Colonoscopy- for right sided tumours

47
Q

Which Criteria do we use to stage colorectal cancer

A

Duke staging

48
Q

What does the staging represent

A

the extent of spread of the cancer

49
Q

Where can colorectal cancer spread

A

Locally to the intestinal wall to the ovaries and the bladder
Distant sites: liver, lung and peritoneum

Hospital Based Medicine And Surgery (30 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions