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Physio > Central Nervous System ( Brain/ Spinal Cord Pathways) > Flashcards

Central Nervous System ( Brain/ Spinal Cord Pathways) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the somatosensory tract (ascending)?

A

-Carries general sensory information

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2
Q

What is the function of the corticospinal tract (descending)?

A

-carries motor info from the brain to the spinal cord

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3
Q

Where is the location of the primary somatosensory area of the cerebral cortex?

A

-postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe

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4
Q

Where is the location of the corticospinal tract(primary motor area)?

A

-precentral gyrus

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5
Q

The brain stem is divided into what structures (3)?

A
  • midbrain
  • pons
  • medulla
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6
Q

Describe the structures and functions (white vs grey matter) of the Medulla

A
  • transition from the spinal cord into the brains proper
  • White Matter:includes somatosensory and corticospinal tracts(90% of Corticospinal tracts cross the midline to the opposite side of the body in the pyramids of the medulla)
  • Olive:sensory relay station
  • Gray matter: cardiovascular center, respiratory center
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7
Q

What is the functions of the pons?

A
  • relay station for info transfer between the cerebellum and cerebrum
  • contains sensory tract to thalamus
  • respiratory center
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8
Q

What is the function of the midbrain (mesencephalon)

A
  • controls eye movement
  • integrates auditory info
  • contains sensory and motor tracts
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9
Q

Where is the location of the diencephalon?

A

-lies between the brain stem and the cerebrum

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10
Q

What are the structures that make up the diencephalon(2)?

A

-Thalamus and hypothalamus

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11
Q

What is the function of the thalamus?

A
  • sensory relay station (processes and relays sensory info to appropriate cortices
  • Regulates the level of awareness
  • composed of nuclei
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12
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

A
  • center of homeostasis
  • activates sympathetic nervous system
  • maintains body temp
  • controls body osmolarity
  • controls reproductive functions
  • controls food intake
  • interacts with limbic system to influence behavior and emotions
  • influences cardiovascular control center in medulla oblongata
  • circadium rhythm
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13
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

-processes sensory info and coordinate the execution of precise movement
(Voluntary;skeletal muscles)

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14
Q

The cerebrum is the site of what major function?

A

-higher brain function

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15
Q

What connects the two hemispheres of the cerebrum?

A
  • corpus callosum (axons passing one side of the brain to the other)
  • ensures that the two hemispheres communicate and cooperate
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16
Q

What are the structures of the gray matter of the cerebrum?

A
  • cerebral cortex (outer later of the cerebrum)

- cerebral nuclei/ basal ganglia

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17
Q

What is the function of the cerebral cortex?

A

-higher brain functions arise here

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18
Q

What is the function of the cerebral nuclei/basal ganglia?

A

-subconscious control of the skeletal muscle movement

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19
Q

What is the function of the white matter(lipids form the myelin sheath) of the cerebrum?

A

-bundles of fibers that allow different regions of the cortex to communicate with one another and transfer info from one hemisphere to the other; primarily through the corpus callosum

20
Q

What are the different lobes of the cerebrum?

A

1) frontal lobe
2) temporal lobe
3) parietal lobe
4) occipital lobe
5) insula

21
Q

What does the frontal lobe of the cerebrum control?

A
  • primary motor cortex, motor association area; skeletal muscle movement
  • prefrontal association area
  • coordinates info from other association areas, controls some behaviors
22
Q

What does the parietal lobe of the cerebrum control?

A
  • primary somatic sensory cortex, sensory association area

- sensory info from the skin, musculoskeletal system, viscera, and taste buds

23
Q

What does the occipital lobe of the cerebrum control?

A
  • visual cortex, visual association area

- vision

24
Q

What does the temporal lobe of the cerebrum control?

A
  • auditory cortex, auditory association area

- hearing

25
Q

What does the insula of the cerebrum control?

A
  • Gustatory cortex;taste

- olfactory cortex;smell (doesn’t go to thalamus)

26
Q

Describe the cerebral lateralization of the cerebrum

A
  • functional specialization is not symmetrical across the cerebral cortex
  • each lobe has special functions not shared by the matching lobe on the other side
  • “left - right brain dominance
27
Q

What does the left hemisphere of the cerebrum specialize in (functions)?

A
  • Speech and Language
    • writing
    • general interpretive center (language and mathematical calculation)
28
Q

What does the right hemisphere of the cerebrum specialize in (functions)?

A
  • cognitive function
    • analysis by touch
    • spatial visualization and analysis
29
Q

How is sleep traced and measured? (Patterns)

A

-EGG (electroencephalography)

30
Q

What are the characteristics of sleep?

A
  • non-REM

- REM (rapid eye movement)=paradoxical sleep

31
Q

What are the characteristics of REM sleep?

A
  • vivid dream state
  • increased metabolism
  • major muscle groups paralyzed
32
Q

What are different brain waves and their descriptions?

A
  • Beta: Awake, excited, eyes open
  • Alpha: Awake, relaxed, eyes closed
  • Theta: sleep, deep relaxation

Delta: Deep sleep, dreamless

33
Q

Describe the cycle/stages of sleep

A
  • 90 minute cycles throughout the night
  • Stage 1: Alpha
  • Stage 2: Theta (light)
  • Stage 3: Theta (deeper)
  • Stage 4: Delta
  • Stage 5: Beta (REM stage/high brain activity)
34
Q

List some parasomias (disorders)

A
  • insomnia
  • sleep walking (occurs in stages 3,4)
  • night terror (occurs in stages 3,4)
  • sleep apnea
35
Q

What is memory? It can be divided into what two types?

A
  • ability to retain and recall info

- Short term and long term memory

36
Q

What is short term memory?

A

-disappears unless an effort is made to make it permanent

37
Q

What is long term memory? What are the 2 types?

A
  • memories that are stored and retrievable

- Reflexive (implicit) memory, Declarative (explicit) memory

38
Q

Describe reflexive (implicit) memory

A
  • recall is automatic, no conscious effort
  • acquired slowly through repetition
  • procedural memories can be demonstrated
39
Q

Describe Declarative (explicit) memory

A
  • Recall requires conscious attention
  • memories can be reported verbally
  • depends of higher level thinking skills
40
Q

Language is divided into 2 parts in the left temporal lobe, what are their names?

A

-Wernickes Area and Brocas Area

41
Q

What is the function of Wernickes Area?

A
  • Comprehension of vocal, written, and signed language (receptive)
  • stores info for arranging learned vocab into meaningful speech
42
Q

What is the function of Brocas Area(expressive)?

A
  • speech production and articulation (motor skills)
  • stores info needed for speech production (syntax)
  • programs motor cortex to move tongue, lips, speech muscles
43
Q

What is Aphasia?

A

-speech and language disorders

44
Q

What are the types of Aphasia? (3)

A
  • Receptive Aphasia
  • Expressive Aphasia
  • Mechanical Aphasia
45
Q

Where does damage occur in Receptive Aphasia and what are the effects?

A
  • damage to Wernickes area

- unable to recognize language in written/spoken form > produces meaningless speech

46
Q

Where does damage occur in Expressive Aphasia and what are the effects?

A
  • damage to Broca’s area

- loss of ability to produce spoken/written language

47
Q

Where does damage occur in mechanical aphasia, and what are the effects?

A
  • damage to motor cortex

- mechanical speech is disrupted

Physio (16 decks)

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