Catell, Eysneck, Big Five, HEXACO, Dark Triad

Question 1

Factor Analysis

Answer 1

-Based on correlations b/w several measure, explained in terms of underlying factors

Question 2

Traits

Answer 2

Relatively permanent reaction to tendencies that are basic structural units of personality
classified in several ways

Question 3

Common Traits

Answer 3

Possessed by all (similar heredity potential, similar social pressures)
Everyone has some measure of extraversion or intelligence

Question 4

Unique Traits

Answer 4

possessed by a few, distinguish us as individuals, apparent in interests and attitudes

Question 5

Ability Traits

Answer 5

Our skills and abilities determine how well we work towards our goals

Question 6

Temperament Traits

Answer 6

Describes general style and emotional tone for our behaviour, affect the ways we act and react

Question 7

Dynamic Traits

Answer 7

Driving forces of behaviour

motivations, interests, ambitions

Question 8

Surface Traits

Answer 8

Correlated traits without common source

-traits composed of several elements, less stables, less important

Question 9

Source Traits

Answer 9

Unitary factors that are more stable

• give rise to some aspect of behaviour
• individual factors derived from factor analysis that combine to account for surface traits

Question 10

Constitutional Traits

Answer 10

Source traits that depend on physiology but are not innate

-eg. alcohol can lead to carelessness

Question 11

Environmental-mold Traits

Answer 11

Source traits learned from social/environmental interactions

Learned characteristics & behaviours

Question 12

16 Personality Factor

Answer 12

• identified 16 source traits
• Questionnaire
• Presented in bipolar form (2 ends of continuum
• Expressed in everyday conservation words

Question 13

Ergs

Answer 13

Instinct or drive
Permanent constitutional source traits
Provide energy for goal-directed behaviour

Question 14

Sentiments

Answer 14

Environmental-mold traits from social and physical influences
motivate behaviour, learned & unlearned
Pattern of learned attitudes

Question 15

Influences of Heredity and Environment

Answer 15

• One third of personality is genetically based

- Two thirds are determined by social & environmental influences

Question 16

Questions about Human Nature

Answer 16

• Determinism (lawful, orderly)
• Nature/nurture: constitutional & environmental-mold
• Childhood and adulthood
• Common & unique traits
• First believing intelligence rises, later believed human nature regressed

Question 17

L-Data

Answer 17

Life record ratings of behaviours observed in real-life situations

Question 18

Q-Data

Answer 18

Self report questionnaire data of characteristics, attitudes and interests
Problems of superficial awareness and unwillingness to disclose

Question 19

T-Data

Answer 19

Data derived from personality tests resistant to faking
Tests in which a person responds without knowing what aspect is evaluated
-16 PF test

Question 20

Multivariate

Answer 20

R & P techniques (data from lots of people vs one person)

16 PF test

• marital stability
• can be faked
• used in many cultures
• source traiter are inherited while others are from environment

Question 21

Criticisms

Answer 21

Subjectivity in factor-analysis approach
Difficult to replicate and confirm 16 PF
Complexity

Question 22

Behavioural Genetics

Answer 22

Relationship between genetic or hereditary factors and personality traits

Question 23

Superfactors

Answer 23

Combinations of traits or factors

stable from child to adult, despite difference social and environ. experiences

Question 24

Dimensions

Answer 24

Extraversion vs Introversion

Neuroticism vs emotional stability

psychotics vs impulse control

Question 25

Extraversion vs Introversion

Answer 25

• Mixed results on cortical arosal
• Genetic Basis

Extraversion: lower base level of cortical arousal
Introversion: Cortical arousal levels are already high

Question 26

Psychoticism

Answer 26

• Aggressive, cold, hostile, etc.
• Large genetic component
• Harmful childhood environment
• Mixed gender findings - men score higher

Question 27

Costa & McCrae: Five Factor Model

Answer 27

Neuroticism
Extraversion
Openness
Agreeableness
Conscientiousness 

Self-observer ratings, objective tests and observer reports
All but agreeableness show heredity

Question 28

Ashton & Lee HEXACO

Answer 28

Honestly-humility
Emotionality
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Conscientiousness
Openness to Experience

Question 29

Paulhus & Williams - Dark Triad

Answer 29

Narcissism: selfishness, inflated ego, need for attention

Machiavellianism: need to manipulate, cunning deceit, unscrupulous behaviours

Psychopathy: callous, incentive, egocentric, antisocial, take advantage, charm and violence

Dirty Dozen Scale: self rating test developed as quick assessment

Question 30

Dark Triad - Behavioural Correlates

Answer 30

High on all

• anti social
• satisfaction from misfortune of others
• self promotion

High Mach. and Psych.
- little empathy, high aggression, low emotional stability, vengeful

Psychopathy

• high sex drive
• possess sexual & sadomasochistic fantasies
• numerous short-term sexual relationships (high narcissism)