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Org Theory > 2: Historical Review > Flashcards

2: Historical Review Flashcards

1
Q

A system transforms

A

inputs to outputs.

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2
Q

An organization transforms resources into

A

additional resources.

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3
Q

Subsystems

A

Internal linkages in transformation process

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4
Q

Feedback

A

The influence that outputs have on inputs

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5
Q

Who developed Systems Theory?

A

David Easton (see diagram)

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6
Q

Open or adaptive systems

A

Humans modify behaviors to adapt to environment.

Public orgs are in a political environment

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7
Q

Frederick Taylor (1919)

A

Pioneer of managerial analysis (Scientific Management)

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8
Q

Scientific Management School was based on

A

systemic analysis of every little act performed by workers.

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9
Q

Scientific Management: Role of Management

A

Manage work processes:

  • analyze it
  • derive rules and guidelines
  • find efficient way to perform tasks
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10
Q

Time motion studies

A

measure and analyze physical characteristics of workplace to find THE ONE BEST WAY.

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11
Q

The One Best Way is associated with which management theory?

A

scientific management

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12
Q

Theory that emphasizes pay as the primary reward for work

A

Scientific Management

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13
Q

Max Weber

A

Founder of organizational sociology–analysis of complex organizations

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14
Q

Bureaucracy

A

Movement toward legal and rational forms of authority absent tradition (monarchial power) or charisma

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15
Q

Bureaucratic authorities and obligations:

A

supervision
administration
rules
management

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16
Q

A structured bureaucracy has

A

precision, speed, clarity, consistency, reduction of costs

P 19

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17
Q

Administrative Management School, 1958 described the principles of administration as:

A 
Planning
Organizing
Supervising
Controlling
Delegating authority
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18
Q

Luther Gulick, 1937

A

Division of work and coordination of work

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19
Q

POSDCRB

Administrative Management school

A 
Planning
Organizing
Staffing
Directing
Coordinating
Reporting
Budgeting
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20
Q

Who is associated with the Scalar Principle?

A

James Mooney, 1930

Organization is like a scale with graduated steps in authority and responsibility.

21
Q

Characteristics of Administrative Management School

A

Formal structure & hierarchy:

Specialized tasks, clear lines of authority, narrow span of control, unity of command.

22
Q

Gulick and Mooney said that closed systems are

A

Consistent
rational
machinelike

23
Q

Mary Parker Follett (1926)

A

Wrote about “the giving of orders”, participatory management. Is credited as an early contributor to feminist organization theory.

24
Q

Hawthorne Studies

A

Conducted at Western Electric Company

Found that illumination and rest periods increased productivity

25
Q

Where were the Hawthorne studies conducted?

A

Western Electric Company

26
Q

What are criticisms of Hawthorne Studies?

A

Social influences and informal processes also influence productivity

White coat effect

27
Q

Who wrote Functions of the Executive (1930)

A

Chester Bernard

28
Q

How did Chester Bernard describe an organization?

A

System of coordinated activities or forces of two or more persons

29
Q

Functions of the Executive (Bernard) focused on…

A

How leaders induce through Communication & Persuasion

Members participate in exchange for incentives: power, prestige, ideals, altruistic motives, participation

30
Q

Who wrote Proverbs of Administration in 1946

A

Herbert Simon

31
Q

Herbert Simon’s work focused on

A 
Specialization
Span of control
Systematic examination
Behavioral analysis
Choices & decisions
32
Q

Firms and individuals want to maximize profits while achieving personal gain. What economic theory describes this?

A

Equilibrium and rationality

33
Q

Kurt Lewin used experimental social psychology to

A

analyze behavior, especially group behavior.

34
Q

Kurt Lewin described quasi-stationary equilibrium as

A

To change people, change forces

35
Q

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

A 
Physiological
Safety
Social
Self-esteem
Self-actualization
36
Q

Who wrote about Theory X and Y?

A

Douglas McGregor

37
Q

Theory X

A

employees are passive and resistant to change. You must direct, control and motivate them.

38
Q

Theory Y

A

Employees are capable and self-directed. You can decentralize, enlarge jobs to motivate.

39
Q

Chris Argyris (1957) wrote that there is inherent conflict between needs of an organization and…

A

needs of human personality.

40
Q

Contingency Theory

A

Different forms of an org are effective under different conditions, including environment and org size.

Orgs will become as complex as their environments.

41
Q

What was the dominant approach in organizational analysis in the 1960s and 1970s?

A

Contingency Theory

42
Q

Institute that researched interrelationships between technical factors and external environment:

A

Tavistock Institute of Great Britain

43
Q

Casual Texture of Organizational Environments discussed flux and uncertainty in

A

political, social, economic and tech environments.

Frederick Emery & Eric Trist (1965)

44
Q

In Social Psychology of Organizations,

Katz & Kahn (1966) applied systems language to

A

inputs, throughputs, outputs and feedback.

45
Q

The Management of Innovation (1961)

A

Burns & Stalker discussed mechanistic vs organic organizations.

Mechanistic perform better in stable environments with limited demands

46
Q

What do uncertain, complex and changing environments lead to?

A

Highly differentiated internal structures

Subunits to deal with different demands

Lawrence & Lorsch (1967)

47
Q

Charles Perrow (1973) wrote that routine tasks are

A

more predictable and easier to analyze.

48
Q

In Organizations in Action (1967), James Thompson said that an organization’s members strive for

A

rationality and consistency. Orgs adapt to their environment.

49
Q

Central theme in Organizational Theory

A

Organizations must adapt to environment, adopting flexible structures.

Org Theory (14 decks)

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