Ch 9: Motivation

Question 1

Human motivation

Answer 1

fundamental topic in social sciences

Question 2

Motivation to work is a basic topic in which discipline

Answer 2

organizational behavior

Question 3

Organizations and organizational behavior are linked through

Answer 3

tasks, structures, processes, leadership & culture.

Question 4

True or false: There is no conclusive science of motivation

Answer 4

True

Question 5

Motivation in public orgs is affected by

Answer 5

the environment

Question 6

Human capital management

Answer 6

Human beings and their skills and knowledge are an organization’s most important assets.

Question 7

Work motivation

Answer 7

a person’s desire to work hard and well. (arousal, direction and persistence of effort in work)

Question 8

Job motivation scale, Patchen, Petz & Allen (1965)

Answer 8

On most days, does your job drag?
How involved do you feel in your job?
How often do you do extra work?
Do you work harder than others?

Question 9

Work motivation scale, Wright (2004)

Answer 9

I put forth my best effort regardless of difficulties

I am willing to start early/work late

I do extra work that’s not expected

Time drags at work

Question 10

Intrinsic motivation scale; Lawler & Hall (1970)

Answer 10

When I do my work well, I feel accomplishment

When I perform well, it contributes to my growth and development

I feel personal satisfaction when I do my job well

Doing my job well increases my self esteem

Question 11

Reward Expectancies; Rainey (1983)

Answer 11

Producing high quality work increases my chances for higher pay

or promotion

Example: Federal employee attitude survey

Question 12

Peer evaluations of an individual’s work and motivation; Guion and Landy (1972)

Answer 12

Employee rate a peer on: 
Team attitude
Task concentration
Self-starter
Organizational identification
Job curiosity
Persistence
Professional identification

Question 13

These rewards are psychological rewards within the worker

Answer 13

Intrinsic work motives/rewards

Question 14

These rewards are externally mediated

Answer 14

Extrinsic rewards such as salary or promotion

Question 15

Barnard (1938) and March & Simon (1958) described this important distinction in job motivation.

Answer 15

Motivation to join and org vs. Motivation to work hard and well.

Question 16

Organizational leadership includes

Answer 16

Incentives
Guiding values
Inducing cooperation and effort

Question 17

Motivation doesn’t determine

Answer 17

performance. Performance is affected by:

ability
work environment/co-workers
training
preparation

Question 18

Theory

Answer 18

Explanation of something we want to understand. Proposes concepts that contribute to an explanation, describe how concepts relate together.

Question 19

Content theories analyze

Answer 19

needs, motives, rewards that affect motivation

Question 20

Process theories

Answer 20

concentrate on psychological and behavioral processes.

Question 21

McClelland’s theory of motivation described these three needs (1960)

Answer 21

Achievement: Mastery & success; facilitates entrepreneurial behavior.

Power: Autonomy;

Affiliation: Friendship

Question 22

This theory discusses the balance of employee contributions to returns/rewards they receive from the organization

Answer 22

Adams’ Equity Theory (1965)

Question 23

Victor Vroom’s expectancy theory

Answer 23

People will analyze alternatives to understand the probability that it will end in a positive outcome. They are likely to be more motivated when they probability of a positive outcome is high.

Question 24

Researcher who described motivation theory with an algebraic formula

Answer 24

Victor Vroom, Expectancy theory

Question 25

Who said that there is a relationship between observable behaviors and contingencies of reinforcement?

Answer 25

BF Skinner

Question 26

Operant conditioning:

Positive reinforcement

Answer 26

Increasing a behavior by providing a beneficial stimulus or reward.

Question 27

Operant Conditioning:

Negative reinforcement

Answer 27

Decreasing a behavior by removing or withholding punishment.

(stop reprimanding when employee improves)

Question 28

Operant Conditioning:

Operant Extinction

Answer 28

The behavior reverts when the positive reinforcement is removed.

Question 29

Operant Conditioning:

Punishment

Answer 29

Using adverse stimulus to reduce behavior.

Question 30

_______ provides the most effective means for influencing behavior.

Answer 30

Positive reinforcement

Question 31

Operant extinction occurs more slowly with this schedule of reinforcement

Answer 31

Intermittent–especially in highly variable intervals or with variable-ratio schedule. Will take longer to acquire behavior, but extinction will occur more slowly.

Question 32

Social cognitive theory

Answer 32

Operant conditioning + internal motivation such goals, self efficacy, personal effectiveness

Question 33

Self-efficacy

Answer 33

Personal judgement of how capable one is.

Question 34

Goal setting theory; Lock & Latham

Answer 34

Difficult, specific goals lead to higher performance.

Question 35

Self-determination theory

Answer 35

Innate, essential, universal psychological needs energize people and determine their behavior.

Question 36

Person-organizational fit

Answer 36

Congruence between personal values and the organization’s values will determine how long an employee’s motivation (and probably tenure)