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Biochem Final > Lec 21: Glycolysis > Flashcards

Lec 21: Glycolysis Flashcards

1
Q

Chemical formula for Breaking down glucose to produce ATP in the presence of O2?

A

C6H12O6 +6O2 —> 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy (ATP)

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2
Q

Glucose breaks down into 3 main processes what are they?

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. Citric Acid/TCA/ Krebs cycle
  3. Electron transport chain (ETC)
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3
Q

Completing all processes requires ___

A

Oxygen

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4
Q

Progression is regulated by ___

A

Hif-1

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5
Q

In absence of oxygen, glycolysis leads to ____

A

Fermentation

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6
Q

How is ATP produced?

A

ATP is produce from ADP by 2 different phosphorylation processes

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7
Q

What are the 2 different phosphorylation for ATP production

A
  1. Substrate-level phosphorylation

2. Oxidative phosphorylation

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8
Q

What happens to the Substrate-level phosphorylation, What is the reaction catalyzed by?

A
  1. Phosphorylation of ADP with a P group

2. Kinases

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9
Q

Where does the Substrate-level phosphorylation occur?

A

In glycolysis and TCA cycle

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10
Q

How does oxidative phosphorylation work?

A

It uses O2 to oxidize e- carriers in order to generate ATP (via proton-motor force)

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11
Q

Where does Oxidative phosphorylation occur?

A

Occurs during ETC (in mitochondria in eukaryotes)

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12
Q

Oxidation of glucose to produce ____.

Pyruvate is later oxidized into ___ (if ___ is present) that is used in the Krebs cycle

A
  1. 2 pyruvate molecules

2. acetyl-CoA, O2

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13
Q

NADH is a type of ___

A

Activated carrier

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14
Q

What does it mean when we say that NADH is a type of activated carrier?

A

It donates a functional groups to another molecule in an energetically favourable process

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15
Q

What happens to NADH to become NAD+

A

Donates a Hydride ion (H-) to an acceptor molecule

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16
Q

A hydride ion (H-) = _____

A

A proton and 2 electrons

17
Q

How many steps of the glycolysis pathway have

A

10

18
Q

Each step of glycolysis is catalyzed by a/an ___

A

Enzyme

19
Q

What happens during stage 1 of glycolysis?

A

Glucose is split into two 3-C molecules and it consumes 2 ATP

20
Q

What happens during stage 2 of glycolysis and what does it generate?

A

The 3-C units are oxidized to pyruvate, generating 4 ATP and 2 NADH

21
Q

What is the Net of glycolysis

A

2 ATP and 2 NADH for 1 glucose

22
Q

What happens during Step 1 of glycolysis (2)

A
  1. Phosphorylation of glucose

2. Requires ATP

23
Q

What happens during Step 2 of glycolysis

A

Isomerization of Glucose-6-phosphate

24
Q

What happens during Step 3 of glycolysis (2)

A
  1. Phosphorylation of fructose-6-phosphate

2. Requires ATP

25
Q

What happens during Step 4 of glycolysis

A

Cleavage of fructose 1, 6-diphosphate

26
Q

What happens during Step 5 of glycolysis

A

Isomerization of dihydroxyacetone phosphate

27
Q

What happens during Step 6 of glycolysis

A

Oxidative Phosphorylation of Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

28
Q

What happens during Step 7 of glycolysis

A

Transfer of phosphate from 1, 3-diphosphoglycerate to ADP

29
Q

What happens during Step 8 of glycolysis

A
  1. Isomerization of 3-phosphoglycerate
30
Q

What happens during Step 9 of glycolysis (2)

A
  1. Dehydration 2-phosphoglycerate

2. Formation of pyruvate

31
Q

What happens during Step 10 of glycolysis (2)

A
  1. Transfer of phosphate from phosphoenolpyruvate

2. Formation of pyruvate

32
Q

The fate of pyruvates depend on what?

A

Depends on the oxidation status of the cell

33
Q

What happens to pyruvate is there’s Oxygen?

A

Pyruvate will be further oxidized to make ATP (more than in fermentation)

34
Q

What happens to pyruvate if there’s NO Oxygen?

A

Pyruvate will be converted into either ethanol or lactate in fermentation

35
Q

What’s the difference between ethanol and Lactate for the fate of pyruvate?

A

E: Formed in smaller organisms
L: Formed in larger organisms

36
Q

What happens if there’s high ethanol and lactate concentration in fermentation?

A

Can be troublesome

EX: lactatic acidosis

37
Q

What are the characteristics of Fermentation? (4)

A
  1. All cells when necessary (When O2 starved, when extra ATP needed). During intense exercise O2 delivery to muscles may not be fast enough
  2. Produces low ATP production (SLP only)
  3. Resets NADH into NAD+ so it can be used again in glycolysis
  4. Does not support multi-cellular organisms
38
Q

Where does glycolysis take place?

A

Cytoplasm

39
Q

What is another name for the oxidative phosphorylation?

A

Electron transport-linked phosphorylation

Biochem Final (7 decks)

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