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Biochem Final > Lec 22: Citric Acid Cycle/ Krebs cycle > Flashcards

Lec 22: Citric Acid Cycle/ Krebs cycle Flashcards

1
Q

What is the purpose of glycolysis? (3) (omm)

A
  1. Oxidize glucose into 2 pyruvates
  2. Makes 2 ATP (net gain)
  3. Makes 2 NADH
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2
Q

How is pyruvate’s fate affected by the presence of Oxygen? (Oxygen/ no Oxygen)

A

O2: Pyruvate oxidation then enters the Krebs cycle
NO O2: Fermentation —> pyruvate ames ethanol or lactate. This process makes a bit of ATP and regenerates NAD+ (e- acceptor) for glycolysis

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3
Q

How much ATP is made in glycolysis? (stage 1, stage 2, net ATP gain)

A

Stage 1: 2 ATP consumed
Stage 2: 4 ATP produced
Net: 2 ATP

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4
Q

What are NADH and FADH2 and what are they for? (2)

A
  1. electron carriers (NAD+ reduced into NADH and FAD reduced into FADH2)
  2. If something is reduced, something else must be oxidized (e- come from somewhere)
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5
Q

Summarize some key points of the glycolysis pathway (5)

A
  1. G6P formation
  2. ATP input
  3. Splitting fructose 1,6 biphosphate –> DHAP and GAP
  4. DHAP converted into GAP
  5. Making 2 ATP, 2 NADH and 2 pyruvate
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6
Q

What does glycolysis require?

A

2ATP

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7
Q

What does glycolysis Produce? (3)

A
  1. ATP
  2. NADH
  3. Pyruvate
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8
Q

What happens when glycolysis does NOT have Oxygen?

A

Fermentation

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9
Q

What happens when glycolysis DOES have Oxygen?

A

Pyruvate oxidation then Krebs cycle

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10
Q

Fermentation waste products are___ or ___

A

Excreted or metabolized

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11
Q

What is the net production per glucose molecule?

A

2 ATP (2used, 4 produced)
2NADH
2 Pyruvate

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12
Q

NAD+ is recycled in ____ (if no O2) or the ___ (if O2)

A

Fermentation or ETC

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13
Q

Where is pyruvate transported?

A

In the mitochondria

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14
Q

Why is pyruvate prepared?

A

Converts into Acetyl CoA to begin Krebs cycle

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15
Q

What are the 3 steps for pyruvate being converted into acetyl CoA? (DOA)

A
  1. Decarboxylation
  2. Oxidation (e- transferred to NAD+ -> NADH)
  3. Attachement to coenzyme A (CoA)
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16
Q

Define the Coenzyme A (CoA)

A

CoA is an activated carrier

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17
Q

What does the CoA do? (2)

A
  1. Brings acetyl group of pyruvate to the Krebs cycle

2. Activates the 2C molecule for addition to oxaloacetate (unfavourable)

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18
Q

What are the characteristics of the Mitochondria (4)

A
  1. Produces most the ATP in the cells
  2. Has own genome
  3. Not all proteins in the mitochondria are made there
  4. Location of Krebs cycle (matrix) and ETC (inner membrane)
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19
Q

Do prokaryotes have mitochondria

A

NO

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20
Q

Where does the Krebs cycle occur?

A

In the cytoplasm

21
Q

What are some other names for the Citric Acid Cycle? (2)

A

Krebs cycle

Tri-carboxylic acid (TCA) cycle

22
Q

___(#) reaction cycle

A

8

23
Q

Citric Acid Cycle creates very little ___

A

ATP

24
Q

What is the main goal of the Citric Acid Cycle

A

To Harvest high-energy electrons from acetyl CoA (transferred to NADH and FADH2)

25
Q

In the Citric Acid Cycle the trapped electrons (NADH and FADH2) are passed to the ___ where___ makes huge amounts of ___

A

ETC, oxidative phosphorylation, ATP

26
Q

Define FAD

A

Flavin adenine diphosphate

27
Q

Define NAD

A

Nicotinamide adenine dinuclotide

28
Q

In the Citric Acid Cycle, they make several important ___ of the synthesis of the substances as ___ and ___

A

Metabolites, Amino acids, Fatty acids

29
Q

Why is it called a cycle?

A

Because the oxaloacetate is regenerated at the end of the cycle

30
Q

Why is it called the Citric Acid Cycle?

A

Because Citric Acid is both the first product and final reactant of the cycle

31
Q

Why is it called the Tri-carboxylic Acid Cycle?

A

Because citric acid contains 3 carboxyl groups

32
Q

How many steps are there in the Citric Acid Cycle?

A

8

33
Q

What is Step 1 of the Citric Acid Cycle, and what does it produce? (2)

A

1, Acetyl CoA donates the remainder of pyruvate (2C) to oxaloacetate (4C)
2. Produces CITRATE (6C)

34
Q

What is Step 2 of the Citric Acid Cycle?

A

Citrate (6C) undergoes isomerization to make ISOCITRATE (6C)

35
Q

What is Step 3 of the Citric Acid Cycle, and what does it produce? (2)

A
  1. Isocitrate (6C) is oxidized to reduce NAD+

2. CO2 is produced (-1C) to generate ALPHA-KETOGLUTARATE (5C)

36
Q

What is Step 4 of the Citric Acid Cycle, and what does it produce? (2)

A
  1. Alpha-ketoglutarate (5C) is oxidized to reduce NAD+

2. CO2 is produced (-1C) to generate SUCCINYL group (4C) (groups is added to CoA)

37
Q

What is Step 5 of the Citric Acid Cycle? (2)

A
  1. The succinyl group (4C) trades CoA for a inorganic phosphate group (Pi)
  2. Succinyl-CoA synthetase removes P from succinyl phosphate which generates SUCCINATE
38
Q

For step 5 of the Citric Acid Cycle, either ___ or ___ removes phosphate from the enzyme (Substarte level phosphorylation)

A

ADP or GPD

39
Q

What is Step 6 of the Citric Acid Cycle?

A
  1. Succinate (4C) is oxidized by succinate dehydrogenase to generate FUMARATE (4C)
40
Q

What is Step 7 of the Citric Acid Cycle?

A

Fumarate (4C) is hydorlyzed to produce MALATE (4C)

41
Q

What is Step 8 of the Citric Acid Cycle?

A

Malate (4C) is oxidized to reduce NAD+ and form OXALOACETATE (4C)

42
Q

In the Citric Acid Cycle, what is generated per Pyruvate? (5)

A 
\+1 ATP or GTP
\+4 NADH (1 pyruvate oxidation)
\+1 FADH2
\+3 CO2 (1 pyruvate oxidation)
\+ Regenerated oxaloacetate
43
Q

In the Citric Acid Cycle, what is generated per Glucose (5)

A 
\+2 ATP or GTP
\+8 NADH (2 pyruvate oxidation)
\+2 FADH2
\+6 CO2 (2 pyruvate oxidation)
\+2 Regenerated oxaloacetate
44
Q

In the Citric Acid Cycle, Per Glucose:

The cycle occurs?

A

Cycle occurs twice (2 Pyruvate per glucose)

45
Q

In the Citric Acid Cycle, Glycolysis Totals for 1 glucose:

A
  • 2ATP + 2NADH +4ATP = 2NADH +2ATP
46
Q

Krebs and Pyruvate oxidation totals for 1 glucose:

A

+6CO2 +8NADH +2ATP +2FADH2

47
Q

Does the Krebs cycle use Oxygen?

A

No, but it will stop in the absence of Oxygen

48
Q

What is the Overall total for the Krebs Cycle?

A

6CO2 (expired) + 10NADH (ETC) +4ATP (Cell function) + 2FADH2

Biochem Final (7 decks)

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