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BIOL 2312 > Chapter 48: Regulating the Internal Environment > Flashcards

Chapter 48: Regulating the Internal Environment Flashcards

1
Q

What is osmoregulation?

A

regulation of water and ion balance

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2
Q

What makes up the ECF?

A

ISF and blood plasma

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3
Q

What is osmolarity?

A

The total solute concentration of a solution

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4
Q

What is the osmolarity of body fluids in humans and other mammals?

A

about 300 mOsm/L

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5
Q

What occurs at the proximal vs distal end of excretory tubules?

A

proximal where fluid goes in and distal end is where fluid flows to the exterior of the organism

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6
Q

What are the 4 steps in tublue function?

A

filtration, tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion, and excretion

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7
Q

Key points about ammonia?

A

NH3, 1N
soluble in water, highly toxic
must be excreted in dilute solutions—high water loss
fishes

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8
Q

Key points about urea?

A

2N
all mammals, most amphibians, some reptiles, some marine fishes, and some terrestrial invertebrates
nontoxic
minimal water needed

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9
Q

Key points about uric acid?

A 
4N
birds and reptiles
nontoxic
paste
extremely low water loss
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10
Q

What common osmoconformers? typically osmolarity?

A

marine invertebrates, about 1000 mOsm/L

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11
Q

What common osmoregulators?

A

all freshwater invertebrates

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12
Q

What are the 3 types of tubules and where are they found?

A

Protonephridia- flatworms and larval mollusks
METANEPHRIDIA- ANNELIDS AND MOST ADULT MOLLUSKS
MALPIGHIAN TUBULES- INSECTS AND OTHER ARTHROPODS

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13
Q

What is a flame cell? located?

A

located in protonephridia, contain cilia that move fluid through the tubule

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14
Q

What are peritubular capillaries?

A

reabsorb important molecules and ions from the filtrate

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15
Q

Is the collecting duct part of the nephron?

A

nope

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16
Q

What are the 4 major regions of the nephron?

A

renal corpuscle, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of henle, and distal convoluted tubule

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17
Q

Which has a bigger diameter the afferent arteriole or efferent arteriole? purpose?

A

afferent arteriole to maintain a high level of glomerular capillary pressure

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18
Q

What is the structure of the Bowman’s capsule and glomerulus?

A

glomerulus is a ball of arterial capillaries, Bowman’s capsule houses the glomerulus and is where filtration occurs

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19
Q

What happens in the proximal convoluted tube?

A

bicarb, NaCL, H2), nutrients, K pumped out for reabsorption

H+ and NH3 pumped in for excretion

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20
Q

What happens in the descending loop of henle?

A

H2O moves out and NaCl moves in. osmolarity increases

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21
Q

What is the purpose of the distal tubule?

A

allows for more water reabsorption, allows for adaption to the environment

22
Q

Are the collecting ducts permeable to water? salt?

A

yes to water, no to salt ions

23
Q

What is the difference between the macula densa and juxtaglomerular cells? what do these two form?

A

macula densa focus on what is leaving
juxtaglomerular cells focus on what is entering

form juxtaglomerular complex

24
Q

What is the raas regulatory mechanism?

A

renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

regulates Na, fixes levels if juxtaglomerular complex fails to do so

25
Q

How do ACE inhibitors work?

A

prevents the secretion of angiotensin II which lowers blood pressure. Prevents the secretion of aldosterone from the adrenal glands which would increase blood volume

26
Q

What are the 3 effects of angiotensin II?

A

1) raises bp via constricting arterioles
2) stimulates synthesis/secretion of aldosterone
3) stimulates thirst

27
Q

What are the 3 effects of atrial natriuretic factor (ANF)?

A

1) inhibits renin release
2) dilates afferent arterioles
3) inhibits aldosterone release

28
Q

Where are ADH-secreting neurons located?

A

hypothalamus

29
Q

What does ADH do?

A

increases water reabsorption in collecting ducts by promoting the insertion of more aquaporins into the epithelial membranes

doesn’t work in distal convoluted tubules

30
Q

What are marine teleosts?

A

fishies that continually lose water to their environment by osmosis and must replace it by continual drinking

they try and dilute the ocean

don’t pee a lot of water out

31
Q

How do sharks and rays maintain osmolarity as conformers?

A

retaining high levels of urea and trimethylamine oxide (TMAO) in body fluids

they don’t have to drink water

32
Q

What occurs in freshwater fish?

A

they are hyperosmotic to their environment, so the water moves into the fish—don’t have to drink water

pee a lot of water out

33
Q

In terrestrial amphibians what is the function of the bladder?

A

in addition to storage of urine, reabsorption of salt occurs also

34
Q

How do birds and reptiles deal with salt/water concentrations?

A

they have salt glands that take on excess salt which are excreted in a concentrated salt solution

35
Q

How do terrestrial mammals conserve water? (3)

A

1) loop of henle
2) lungs deep in body to reduce evaporation
3) covered in keratinizes skin to reduce evaporation

36
Q

What are the 4 ways to lose or gain heat?

A

conduction, convection, radiation, and evaporation

37
Q

Difference between conduction and convection?

A

convection is indirect contact, conduction is direction contact

38
Q

What is an ectotherms?

A

cold-blooded animals that don’t produce their own heat source. move around their environment to obtain heat

39
Q

What is an endotherms?

A

warm blooded, have set points

40
Q

How does cold weather effect ectotherms and endotherms differently?

A

ectotherms metabolism doesn’t change much but daily activities are reduced

endotherms metabolic rate rise at low temps and maintain daily activities

41
Q

How can some ectotherms react to cold temps?

A

add an “antifreeze” molecule like glycerol to their body fluids

42
Q

What does the core temperature refer to?

A

abdominal and thoracic organs, CNS, and skeletal muscles

43
Q

Where are thermoreceptors found?

A

skin (integument), spinal cord, and hypothalamus

44
Q

What is the purpose of brown adipose tissue?

A

can produce heat rapidly

45
Q

How do animals without sweat glands sweat?

A

via panting

46
Q

What are keratin fibers?

A

a surface layer of dead epidermal cells that forms a tough layer resistant to water loss

47
Q

What does the dermis contain?

A

sweat glands, hair follicles, and thermoreceptors

48
Q

What does the hypodermis contain?

A

larger blood vessels and fatty tissue/blubber

49
Q

What is torpor?

A

reduction in metabolic, nervous, and physical activity induce this sleep like state—-falling iguanas

hibernation- extend torpor

50
Q

What is estivation?

A

too hot/water scares–ex) burying in mud to cool down

51
Q

How does countercurrent head exchange occur in the blood?

A

warm blood from artery warms blood in vein returning to the heart via conduction

52
Q

How does countercurrent head exchange occur in the nose?

A

when exhaling some water condense on the nasal fold. inhalation air evaporates some air on nasal fold which cools the folds for the next outgoing breath.

BIOL 2312 (14 decks)

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