Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > SAFOLO — 2e.2 — Nutrition in humans > Flashcards

SAFOLO — 2e.2 — Nutrition in humans Flashcards

1
Q

Balanced diet?

A

A diet in which all components needed to maintain health are present in appropriate proportions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Why do humans need a balanced diet?

A

To ensure the body is provided with components to maintain good health

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does a balanced diet contain?

A
  • Carbohydrates (starch, glucose)
  • Protein
  • Vitamins
  • Lipids (fat & oil)
  • Dietary fibre
  • Minerals
  • Water
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Function of carbohydrates?

A

Direct energy source
Deficiency: Lack of energy
Source: Meat, starch

Car(bohydrates) give out energy with meat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Function of protein?

A

Growth and repair
Deficiency: Marasmus - poor growth
Source: Meat

Pro-teens frow and repaire while Marasmus - who doesn’t grow - eats meat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Function of Vitamin A?

A

Healthy eyesight
Deficiency: Night blindness
Source: Carrots

A carrot A day keeps night blindness Away

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Function of Vitamin C?

A

Heal wounds and rebuilds tissue
Deficiency: Scurvy - bleeding gums
Source: Lemon

(vitamin) SEA captain Wounds and Tissue screams BLEEDING SCURVY LEMONS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Function of Vitamin D?

A

Strengthen teeth and bones
Deficiency: Rickets - curved bones
Source: Margarine

Dentists Rick(et)roll with Margarine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Function of Lipids?

A

Insulation and Energy storage
Deficiency: Weak immunity, hair loss
Source: Meat, oil

Lips(ids) insulate the energy storage until our hair falls out and we have weak immunity with meat and oil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Function of dietary fibres?

A

Lowers Cholesterol
Deficiency: Constipation
Source: Vegetables

Fi(bres)ve low cholesterols had constipation with vegetables

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Function of calcium?

A

Strengthen teeth and bones
Deficiency: Rickets - curved bones
Source: Milk

Cal(cium) has strong teeth and bones because his friend Rick(ets) told him to drink milk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Function of iron?

A

Promote Haemoglobin
Deficiency: Anaemia - poor Oxygen transport
Source: Meat

Iron (hea)Man(globin) and his girlfriend Anaemia (poor oxygen transport) eat meat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Function of water?

A

Allows chemical reactions to occur
Deficiency: Dehydration, kidney failure
Source: Water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Factors that affect energy requirements?

A
  • Age
  • Activity levels
  • Pregnancy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How does age affect energy requirements?

A
  • Amount of energy required increases towards adulthood for growth and muscle development
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How do activity levels affect energy requirements?

A
  • Amount of energy required increases with activity level as more energy is needed to allow muscle contractions to facilitate exercise via respiration
17
Q

How does pregnancy affect energy requirements?

A
  • Amount of energy required by females during pregnancy increases since more energy is needed to support growth of developing fetus, and the large mass that the Mother will cary
18
Q

Mouth?

A
  • Mechanical digestion occurs
  • large food is turned into a bolus to provide large SA:V ratio for amylase to break down starch in food into glucose
  • Saliva lubricates bolus for easy swallow
19
Q

Oesophagus?

A
  • Tube connecting mouth to stomach
  • Peristalsis (wave-like contractions) occur to push bolus down the tube towards the stomach
20
Q

Stomach?

A
  • Peristalsis continues mechanical digestion, and enzymes begin chemical digestion
  • Hydrochloric acid maintains optimum pH to increase rate of enzyme activity and metabolic reactions
21
Q

Small intestine?

A
  • Lined with Villi to absorb digested soluble molecules into blood
  • duodenum is the first part, helps further digest food coming from stomach and absorbs nutrients to be used by the body
  • ileum is the last part, connects to cecum and helps further digest food
22
Q

Large intestine?

A
  • Absorbs water from undigested food to produce faeces (stored in rectum and removed through anus)
  • colon removes water and nutrients
  • rectum is at end of large intestine where faeces are held before moving to anus
23
Q

Pancreas

A
  • Synthesises pancreatic enzymes (Amylase, protease and lipase)
  • Secretes pancreatic enzymes into the stomach and small intestine for digestion
24
Q

Peristalsis?

A

Wave-like muscle contractions that push food bolus down the Oesophagus from the mouth to anus. Occurs in the stomach and gut

25
Q

How does peristalsis occur?

A
  • Circular muscles change radius of oesophagus, longitudinal muscle change length of oesophagus
  • Contraction of circular muscles behind food constricts gut to prevent bolus from being pushed back to mouth
  • contraction of longitudinal muscle where food bolus is located moves it along gut (intestines)
  • as a result, wave-like muscle contractions occur which push food down
26
Q

What are the digestive enzymes?

A

Amylase/maltase, Protease, Lipase
Amylase breaks down starch (big molecule) to glucose
Protease breaks down protein to amino acids
Lipase breaks down lipids to fatty acids and glycerol

27
Q

Bile?

A

Alkaline substance produced in the liver and stored in the gall bladder.
Emulsifies lipid molecules into droplets with larger SA:V ratio to increase the rate of digestion

28
Q

How does bile neutralise small intestine acid?

A
  • Enzymes in small intestine function optimally in alkaline conditions (optimum pH of 8-14)
  • However churning food in stomach by HCL acid creates acidic environment
  • Bile will neutralise HCl to maintain Alkaline conditions, allowing optimum enzyme activity and increasing the rate of metabolic reactions
29
Q

How does bile emulsify lipids?

A
  • As the breakdown and digestion of lipid molecules requires a long period of time, bile is used to emulsify large lipid molecules into small droplets
  • lipid droplets will have larger SA:V ratio, allowing faster breakdown by lipase in fatty acids and glycerol, hence increasing rate of lipid digestion
30
Q

Villus?

A

Small finger-like projections lining the intestine wall that absorb digested soluble food molecules

31
Q

How are villi adapted for absorption?

A
  • Thin cell wall
  • Large SA:V ratio
  • Dense capillary network
  • Lacteal
32
Q

How does a thin cell help villus?

A

Thin cell wall (one cell thick) to minimise distance of diffusion of digested soluble molecules, increasing rate of absorption

33
Q

How does a large SA:V ratio help villus?

A

Folded to increase SA:V ratio for diffusion of digested soluble molecules, increasing rate of absorption

34
Q

How does a dense capillary network help villus?

A

Dense capillary networks nearby to provide rich blood supply, creating strong concentration gradient for the diffusion of digested soluble molecules, increasing rate of absorption

35
Q

How does a lacteal help villus?

A

Absorb and transport fatty acids and glycerol from intestine to lymphatic system

36
Q

How is the small intestine adapted for absorption

A
  • Very long
  • Have villi and microvilli to increase surface area
    muscular contractions to move food
  • Digestive enzymes

Biology (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions