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Biology > RAI — 3A — Reproduction > Flashcards

RAI — 3A — Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

Asexual reproduction?

A

Reproduction by a single parent to produce genetically identical offspring (clones) via Mitosis

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2
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

Fertilisation of two sex cells (one gamete from each parent) produced by Meiosis to form a zygote which will develop into non-identical offspring

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3
Q

Fertilisation

A

Fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote that undergoes cell division and develops into an embryo

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4
Q

Mitosis

A

Type of cell division that produces diploid body cells for growth and repair of tissues

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5
Q

Meiosis

A

Type of cell division that produces haploid cells (gametes)

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6
Q

Zygote

A

Single cell resulting from fusion of a male and female gamete

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7
Q

Gametes

A

Reproduction/sex cells (sperm cells, egg cells)

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8
Q

Wind pollenated flower

A

A flower that distributes pollen via wind

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9
Q

insect pollenated flower

A

A flower that distributes pollen via insects

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10
Q

Advantages of sexual reproduction?

A

Increases variation
Offspring can adapt to new environment
Susceptible to diseases due to variation (less harmful to population)

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11
Q

Disadvantages of sexual reproduction

A

Time-consuming to find mating partner

Not possible for isolated members

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12
Q

Advantages of asexual reproduction

A

Rapid increase in population

Thrive in suitable environment

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13
Q

Disadvantage of asexual reproduction

A

Decreases variation
Vulnerable to change in environment due to inadaptability
Less susceptible to diseases due to decreased variation (more harmful to population)

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14
Q

Process of fertilisation?

A

An Egg Cell and Sperm Cell are haploid gametes, containing 23 chromosomes (half of the 46 chromosomes in a Zygote)
Due to this, reproducing requires the fusion of two haploid gametes via fertilisation to form a diploid Zygote containing 46 chromosomes (half from each parent)
As diploid Zygote carries a mixture of genetic information from both parents, Zygote will undergo Mitosis to develop into an embryo exhibiting genetic variation

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15
Q

Petals in insect pollenated flower

A

Coloured parts that attract animals to allow pollenation

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16
Q

Anther in insect pollenated flower

A

Produces pollen that contains male gametes

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17
Q

Filament in insect pollenated flower

A

Holds the anther

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18
Q

Stigma in insect pollenated flower

A

Site for pollen to be deposited. Inside the flower to catch pollen when brushed against insect. It is sticky.

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19
Q

Style in insect pollenated flower

A

Connects the stigma to the ovary

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20
Q

Ovary in insect pollenated flower

A

Produces the egg (ovules_) and encloses the seeds when they form

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21
Q

Ovules in insect pollenated flower

A

The name for egg in a plant

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22
Q

Nectary in insect pollenated flower

A

Produces nectar, a sweet liquid containing sugars as a ‘reward’ for insects

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23
Q

Sepals in insect pollenated flower

A

Covers the flower in the bud and protects it

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24
Q

Stamen in insect pollenated flower

A

The male part of the flower, containing an anther attached to a filament

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25
Q

Carpel in insect pollenated flower

A

The female parts of the flower all together

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26
Q

The male part of the flower is called the ______, consists of the ____ and _____.

A

The male part of the flower is called the stamen consists of the anther and filament.

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27
Q

The female part of the flower is called the ______ consists of the ______, _____ and _____.

A

The female part of the flower is called the carpel consists of the stigma, ovary and ovules.

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28
Q

The male gamete is made in the _____ and is found inside the ______ grain. The female gamete is found in the _____ and is called an _____

A

The male gamete is made in the anthers and is found inside the pollen grain. The female gamete is found in the ovary and is called an ovule

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29
Q

Petals in a wind-pollenated flower

A

Either have none at all or they are small and dull (Green or Brown coloured) as they do not need to attract insects

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30
Q

Scent and nectar in wind pollenated flower

A

There is no nectar because they don’t need to attract insects

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31
Q

Number of pollen grains in wind pollenated flower

A

Large amounts of Pollen to increase chances of pollination

32
Q

Pollen grains in wind pollenated flower

A

Smooth and light to be easily carried by wind

33
Q

Anther in wind pollenated flower

A

loosely attached to long Filaments outside of Flower to easily release Pollen via wind

34
Q

Stigma in wind pollenated flower

A

feathery and outside the Flower to catch drifting Pollen grains

35
Q

Pollen in insect pollenated flower?

A

The pollen could be sticky or spiky to attach to the insect.

36
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of wind pollinated flowers

A

Adv: Don’t rely on other organisms and there’s less investment of energy
Disadv: No wind = no pollination. No guarantee the pollen will go to the correct plant

37
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of insect pollinated flowers

A

Adv: Higher chance of pollination
Disadv: No guarantee that an insect will come. More energy investment. No insects = no pollination

38
Q

Pollination

A

The transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma of a plant

39
Q

Self-pollination

A

Transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma of the SAME plant. ASEXUAL

40
Q

Cross-pollination

A

Transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma of a DIFFERENT plant of the same species. SEXUAL

41
Q

Insect pollination

A

Transfer of pollen (by means of sticking to an insect) from the anther to the stigma of a plant

42
Q

Wind pollination

A

Transfer of pollen (picked up by wind) from the anther to the stigma of plant

43
Q

what happens when a pollen grain lands on the stigma?

A

Pollen tube will grow down the Style until it reaches an Ovule within the Ovary
This allows the Nucleus of Pollen grain to pass along the Pollen tube to fuse with Nucleus of Ovule via fertilisation
As a result, Ovule will form a Seed, while Ovule wall forms the Seed coat, and the rest of Carpel will develop into a Fruit to carry the Seed

44
Q

Germination?

A

The sprouting of a seed

45
Q

Conditions needed for a seed to germinate?

A

Warm temperature, water, oxygen

46
Q

Where does a seed get energy required to germinate?

A

Respiration — glucose (food)

47
Q

Natural asexual reproduction in plants?

A

Runners

  • plants grow side branches (runners) which have small plantlets at their ends.
  • Once the runners touch the soil, the plantlets will grow roots and the new plantlets will grow and become independent from the parent plant
48
Q

Artificial asexual reproduction in plants?

A

Cutting

  • A section of a healthy parent plant with a new bud is cut off.
  • The cutting can either be placed in water until new roots grow or directly placed in soil.
  • Sometimes, the stem of the cutting could be dipped into ‘rooting powder’, which contains plant growth regulators (rooting hormones) that encourage new root growth.
  • These cuttings are then planted and eventually grow into adult plants that are genetically identical to the original plant
49
Q

Function of testes?

A

Two of these produce the male gametes, sperm

50
Q

Function of scrotum

A

Sacs of skin that contract and relax to keep the testes cool

51
Q

Function of seminal vesicles

A

Adds fluid to the sperm during ejaculation forming the semen

52
Q

Function of urethra (male)

A

Carries the sperm or urine (not at the same time) out of the body from the penis

53
Q

Function of penis

A

Delivers sperm into the vagina during sexual intercourse

54
Q

Function of Epidiymus

A

Stores the sperm

55
Q

Function of Vas deferens

A

Tube that carries sperm from the testes, joins to the urethra

56
Q

function of ovary

A

Produces female hormones, and stores and releases the ovum

57
Q

function of oviduct (fallopian tubes)

A

Two tubes which connect the ovaries to the uterus and carry the egg to the uterus

58
Q

function of anus

A

The opening at the end of the digestive tract where bowel contents leave the body

59
Q

function of muscular uterine wall

A

protects the growing baby during pregnancy

60
Q

function of rectum

A

The last several inches of the large intestine closest to the anus

61
Q

function of uterus

A

A hollow, muscular organ that protects and nourishes the fetus

62
Q

function of vagina

A

Empty passageway leading from the vaginal opening to the uterus

63
Q

function of pelvic bone

A

protect the urinary organs (like the bladder and prostate) as well as the internal sex organs

64
Q

function of bladder

A

Muscular sac that stores Urine to expel it from body through Urethra via excretion

65
Q

function of cervix

A

Neck or opening to the uterus

66
Q

function of urethra (female)

A

Tube that passes Urine out of the body from the Bladder via excretion

67
Q

function of ovulation

A

When an egg is released from the ovary and moves down the fallopian tube

68
Q

function of vulva

A

The general term for all external female sex organs

69
Q

How is a sperm cell adapted to its function

A

Carries genetic information in the nucleus to an egg

Stream lined body allows it to move quickly

Middle piece is packed with mitochondria so it’s able to produce a lot of energy to operate the tail

Tail helps it swim faster

70
Q

How is an egg cell adapted to its function

A

Cytoplasm to store food and increases surface area which makes it easier to develop an embryo within it

Ovum has a jelly coating to only allow 1 sperm cell to fertilise the ovum

71
Q

Menstrual cycle?

A

Changes that occur within female reproductive system for pregnancy to be viable

72
Q

Role of progesterone in the menstrual cycle?

A

thickens blood vessels in the Uterus to maintain the Uterus Lining for Pregnancy

If fertilised Egg cell is implanted in the Uterus lining, Progesterone will ensure Uterus lining is thick and rich in blood vessels to cushion fertilised Egg cell to maintain pregnancy

73
Q

Role of oestrogen in the menstrual cycle?

A

Ovaries secrete Oestrogen to stop the secretion of FSH, ensuring only one Egg cell matures in a cycle

74
Q

Role of the placenta?

A

Organ which allows substances to diffuse from the mother’s blood to the fetus

Substances such as: Carbon dioxide, urea, oxygen, glucose, minerals, amino acids, fats, antibodies and vitamins

75
Q

What is the main role of the amnion and amniotic fluid?

A

Amnio is a membrane that forms around the embryo

The amniotic fluid surrounds the fetus in the amnio and protects and cushions it as it develops. Also prevents pathogens that might get in through the vagina

76
Q

Secondary sexual characteristics (puberty) in males?

A

Testosterone (hormone responsible for puberty)

  • Growth of Penis and Testes
  • Growth of facial and body air
  • Muscle development
  • Voice breaking
  • Sex drive
  • Sperm production
77
Q

Secondary sexual characteristics (puberty) in females?

A

Oestrogen (hormone responsible for puberty)

  • Development of breasts
  • Growth of body hair
  • Beginning of menstrual cycle
  • Sex drive
  • Growth of body/pubic hair

Biology (18 decks)

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