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A level PE > Cardiovascular System (1.1b) > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System (1.1b) Flashcards

1
Q

what type of muscle is the heart

A

cardiac muscle

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2
Q

what does myogenic mean

A

the capacity of the heart to generate its own electrical impulse, causing the cardiac muscle to contract

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3
Q

name the 5 structures involved in the conduction system

A

SA node
AV node
bundle of his
bundle branches
purkyne fibres

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4
Q

what does the SA node do

A

generates the electrical impulse and fires it through the atria walls causing them to contract

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5
Q

where is the SA node found

A

in the right atrial wall

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6
Q

why is the SA node known as the ‘pacemaker’

A

it’s firing rate will determine heart rate

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7
Q

what does the AV node do

A

it collects the impulse and delays is for about 0.1 sec to allow atria to finish contracting. then releases impulse to bundle of his

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8
Q

where are the bundle of his located

A

septum of the heart

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9
Q

what does the bundle of his do

A

it splits the impulse in two, ready to be distributed through each separate ventricle

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10
Q

what do the bundle branches do

A

they carry the impulse to the base of each ventricle

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11
Q

what do the purkinje fibres do

A

they distribute the impulse through the ventricle walls, causing them to contract

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12
Q

what happens when the impulses journey is complete

A

the atria and ventricles relax and heart re fills with blood

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13
Q

define heart rate (HR)

A

no. of times the heart beats per minute

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14
Q

what is the average HR of an untrained person at rest

A

70-72 bpm

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15
Q

what is the average HR of a trained athlete at rest

A

lower than 60 bpm

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16
Q

what is the term used for when a person has lower than 60 bpm av HR

A

bradycardia

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17
Q

define stroke volume (SV)

A

volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle per beat

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18
Q

what is the average SV of an untrained person at rest?

A

70ml/beat

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19
Q

what is the average SV of a trained athlete at rest?

A

100ml/beat

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20
Q

define cardiac output (Q)

A

the volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle per min

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21
Q

how do you calculate Q

A

SV x HR

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22
Q

what is the average max HR of all people

A

220bpm - age

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23
Q

what is the average stroke volume of an untrained person during max exercise

A

100-120ml

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24
Q

what is the average Q of an untrained person at rest

A

5 litres per min

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25
Q

what is the average Q for an untrained person at max exercise

A

20 - 30 litres per min

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26
Q

what is the average SV for a trained athlete at rest

A

100ml/beat

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27
Q

what is the average SV of a trained athlete during max exercise

A

160 - 200ml/beat

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28
Q

what is the average Q of a trained athlete at rest

A

5 litres per min

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29
Q

what is the average Q for a trained athlete during max exercise

A

30-40 litres per min

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30
Q

what is sub-maximal exercise

A

exercise that is low to moderate intensity within a performers aerobic capacity.

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31
Q

give a practical example of sub-maximal exercise

A

marathon running

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32
Q

what is maximal excercise

A

excercise is at a high intensity above the performers aerobic capacity, which will take a performer to exhaustion

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33
Q

give a practical example of maximal exercise

A

100m sprint

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34
Q

name the 5 stages in response to sub-maximal exercise

A
  1. anticipatory rise
  2. rapid increase
  3. steady state
  4. rapid decrease
  5. gradual decrease
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35
Q

why is there an anticipatory rise before exercise starts

A

there’s a release of adrenaline

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36
Q

name the 5 stages in response to maximal exercise

A
  1. anticipatory rise
  2. rapid increase
  3. slower increase
  4. rapid decrease
  5. gradual decrease
37
Q

how does SV change in response to sub maximal exercise

A

SV increases in proportion to exercise intensity until a plateau is reached at approx 40-60% of working capacity

38
Q

how is SV able to increase

A

increased venous return
and the Frank-Starling mechanism

39
Q

venous return is…

A

the volume of blood that returns to the heart from the body

40
Q

what happens to venous return during exercise

A

it increases

41
Q

what is frank-starling mechanism

A

increased VR leads to an increased SV, due to a stretch of ventricle walls and therefore force of contraction

42
Q

why does SV plateau during sub-maximal exercise

A

increased HR doesn’t allows enough time for the ventricles to fill with blood completely in the diastolic phase

43
Q

define cardiac diastole

A

relaxation of the cardiac muscle allowing it to refill with blood

44
Q

define cardiac systole

A

contraction of cardiac muscle forcing blood out of the blood

45
Q

what are the three stages of the cardiac cycle

A
  1. diastole
  2. atria systole
  3. ventricular systole
46
Q

what happens during diastole (4 steps)

A
  1. atria and ventricle expand and draw in blood
  2. pressure in atria increases opening AV valves
  3. blood passively enters ventricles
  4. SL valves closed to prevent blood leaving the heart
47
Q

what happens during atria systole (1 stage)

A

the atria contract forcing blood into the ventricles

48
Q

what happens during ventricular systole ( 2 stages)

A
  1. ventricles contract increasing pressure, causing the AV valves to close
  2. SL valves open as blood is ejected from ventricles into aorta and pulmonary artery
49
Q

what is the cardiac control centre

A

a control centre responsible for HR regulation

50
Q

where is the cardiac control centre

A

in the medulla oblongata

51
Q

what is the sympathetic nervous system

A

part of the autonomic nervous system responsible for increasing HR, specifically during exercise

52
Q

what is the parasympathetic nervous system responsible for?

A

decreasing HR specifically during recovery

53
Q

what does the autonomic nervous system do

A

involuntarily regulates HR and determines the firing rate of the SA node

54
Q

identify the receptors involved in neural control

A

chemoreceptors
baroreceptors
proprioreceptors

55
Q

where are chemoreceptors found

A

muscles
aorta
carotid arteries

56
Q

what are chemoreceptors responsible for

A

inform CCC of chemical changes in the blood stream ( LA and CO2)

57
Q

where are proprioreceptors found

A

muscles
tendons
joints

58
Q

what are proprioreceptors responsible for

A

inform CCC of motor activity

59
Q

where are baroreceptors found

A

blood vessel walls

60
Q

what are baroreceptors responsible for

A

inform CCC of blood pressure changes

61
Q

what are the two parts of intrinsic control

A

temperature and venous return

62
Q

intrinsic control - how will temperature have an affect on the CV system

A

affects viscosity of blood and speed of nerve impulse transmission

63
Q

intrinsic control - how will venous return have an effect on the CV system

A

affects the stretch in the ventricle walls force of contraction and therefore stroke volume

64
Q

what chemicals are involved in hormonal control

A

adrenaline and noradrenaline

65
Q

what do adrenaline and noradrenaline do

A

increase the force of ventricular contraction (therefore SV) and increasing the spread of the electrical activity through the heart (therefore HR)

66
Q

what do the arteries do

A

transport oxygenated blood from heart to the muscles and organs

67
Q

what do arteries sub divide into

A

atrioles

68
Q

what do veins do

A

transport deoxygenated blood from muscles/organs back to the heart

69
Q

what do capillaries do

A

bring blood slowly into close and organ cells for gaseous exchange

70
Q

what is vascular shunt

A

the redistribution of blood through the vasodilation and vasoconstriction of veins

71
Q

during exercise what do the arterioles leading to the muscles do

A

vasodilate

72
Q

during exercise what do the arterioles leading to the non vital organs do

A

vasoconstrict

73
Q

what type of blood does the pulmonary artery carry and where to

A

deoxygenated blood to the lungs

74
Q

what type of blood does the pulmonary vein carry and where to

A

oxygenated blood to the heart from the lungs

75
Q

where does the aorta take blood to

A

the body

76
Q

what does the vena cava do

A

allows deoxygenated blood from the body to re enter the heart

77
Q

does the aorta carry oxygenated or deoxygenated blood

A

oxygenated

78
Q

name the 5 venous return mechanisms

A

pocket valves
smooth muscle
gravity
muscle pump
respiratory pump

79
Q

what do pocket valves do

A

prevent back flow of blood

80
Q

what is the smooth muscle (involved in venous return)

A

it’s a layer of smooth muscle in the vein wall

81
Q

what does the smooth muscle do to increase venous return?

A

it vasoconstricts to create venomotor tone which aids blood movement

82
Q

what does gravity do to venous return

A

helps it back to the heart

83
Q

how does the muscle pump increase venous return?

A

during exercise muscles contract which compresses veins between them squeezing blood to heart

84
Q

what does the respiratory pump do in venous return

A

in exp/inspiration a pressure difference between the thoracic cavity and abdominal cavity is created squeezing blood to heart

85
Q

how is oxygen transported in the blood

A
  1. blood plasma
  2. combining with haemoglobin to form oxyhemoglobin
86
Q

how is vascular shunt achieved by arterioles when exercise begins

A

vasoconstriction of aterioles leading to organs + vasodilation of aterioles of to muscles

87
Q

how is vascular shunt achieved by pre capillary sphincters when exercise begins

A

pre capillary sphincters leading to muscles open + pre capillary sphincters leading to non vital organs close

88
Q

define blood pooling

A

accumulation of blood in the veins due to gravitational pull and lack of venous return

89
Q

what is vasomotor tone?

A

the smooth muscle in the walls of arterial blood vessels that is always in a slight state of contraction

A level PE (20 decks)

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