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A level PE > Linear Motion, angular motion, fluid mechanics and projectile motion (1.3b) > Flashcards

Linear Motion, angular motion, fluid mechanics and projectile motion (1.3b) Flashcards

1
Q

linear motion is….

A

movement of a body in a straight line where all parts move the same distance in the same direction over the same time

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2
Q

direct force is….
and what does it result in?

A

a force applied through the centre of mass resulting in linear motion

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3
Q

in a distance time graph the gradient of the curve indicates the…

A

speed of the body

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4
Q

in a speed time graph the gradient of the curve indicates the…

A

acceleration or decleration of the body

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5
Q

in a velocity time graph the gradient of the curve indicates the…

A

acceleration or deceleration of the body

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6
Q

angular motion results from an…

A

eccentric force being applied to a body outside its centre of mass

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7
Q

torque is…

A

a measure of the turning force applied to a body

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8
Q

the logitudinal axis runs from….

A

the top to the bottom of the body

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9
Q

a practical example that uses the longitudinal axis is…

A

a trampolinist performs a full twist turn

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10
Q

the transverse axis runs from…

A

side to side of the body

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11
Q

a practical example that uses the transverse axis is…

A

a front somersalt

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12
Q

the frontal axis runs from….

A

the front to back of the body

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13
Q

a practical example that uses the frontal axis is….

A

a gymnast perfoms a cartwheel

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14
Q

the three axis of rotation are…

A

longitudinal
transeverse
frontal

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15
Q

angular analogue of moment of inertia is…

A

the resistance of a body to change its angular motion or rotation

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16
Q

moment of inertia =

A

sum (mass x distribution of mass from axis of rotation^2)

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17
Q

angular velocity is….

A

the rate of change in angular displacement or rate of rotation

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18
Q

moment of inertia is measured in…

A

kgm^2

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19
Q

angular velocity =

A

angular displacement / time taken

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20
Q

angular velocity is measured in…

A

rad/s

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21
Q

angular momentum is…

A

the quantity of angular motion possessed by a body

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22
Q

angular momentum =

A

moment of inertia x angular velocity

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23
Q

angular momentum is measured in…

A

kgm^2/s

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24
Q

the two factors that affect moment of inertia are…

A

mass
ditribution of mass from the axis of rotation

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25
Q

what effect does mass have on moment of inertia?

A

the greater the mass the greater the moment of inertia, the harder it is to change the rate of rotation

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26
Q

what effect does distribution of mass from the axis of rotation have on moment of inertia?

A

the further the mass from the axis of rotation the greater the moment of inertia so there is more resistance to rotation

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27
Q

what affect does a high moment of inertia have on angular velocity?

A

the resistance to rotation is high therefore angular velocity is low and rate of spin is slow

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28
Q

what affect does a low moment of inertia have on angular velocity?

A

the resistance to rotation is low therefore angular velocity is high and rate of spin is fast

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29
Q

define conservation of angular momentum

A

angular momentum is a conserved quantity that remains constant unless an eccntric force or torque is applied

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30
Q

does angular momentum once generated change throughout movemrnt?

A

no

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31
Q

performers manipulate ___________ and _______ to maximise performance

A

moment of inertia
angular velocity

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32
Q

define the angular analogue of newtons first law of motion

(the angular equivalent of Newton’s first law of motion)

A

a rotating body will continue to turn about an axis of rotation with a constant angular momentum unless acted on by an eccentric force or torque

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33
Q

define drag

A

the force that opposes the direction of motion of a body through water or air

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34
Q

the 4 factors that affect air resistance and drag are…

A

velocity
frontal cross-sectional area
streamlining and shape
surface characteristics

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35
Q

how does velocity affect air resistance and drag?

A

the greater the velocity, the greater the force of air resistance and drag opposing motion

36
Q

how does a cyclists high velocity affect their air resistance?

A

their high velocity means their air resistance is high

37
Q

how does frontal cross-sectional area affect air resistance and drag?

A

the greater the frontal cross-sectional area, the greater the air resistnace or drag

38
Q

how does a downhill skiers crouched position affect air resistance and drag?

A

the low crouched position reduces their cross-sectional area reduces air resistance and drag

39
Q

how does streamlining and shape affect air resistance and drag?

A

the more aerodynamic the shape of the body or equipment, the lower the air resistance or drag

40
Q

how do surface characteristics affect air resistance or drag?

A

the smoother the surface, the lower the air resistance or drag

41
Q

how do cyclists use surface characteristics to decrease drag or air resistance?

A

they wear lycra suits to make the surface smoother

42
Q

projectile motion is…..

A

the movement of a body through the air following a curved flight path under the force of gravity

43
Q

a projectile is….

A

a body that is launched into the air, losing contact with the ground surface

44
Q

the 4 factors that affect the horizontal distance travelled by a projectile are…

A

speed of release
angle of release
height of release
aerodynamic factors

45
Q

how does speed of release affect the horizontal distance travelled by a projectile?

A

the greater the speed of release of the projectile the further it will travel

46
Q

how does angle of release affect the horizontal distace travelled by a projectile?

A

45 degrees is the optimal angle of release for the furthest horizontal distance

47
Q

when height of release is higher than the landing height how is the angle of release affected?

A

where release height is higher than angle height the optimal angle is less than 45 degrees.

48
Q

how does height of release is lower than the landing height how is the angle of release affected?

A

where release height is lower than landing height the optimal angle is greater than 45 dgrees

49
Q

which aerodynamic factors affect horizontal distance travelled by a projectile?

A

bernoulli’s and magnus

50
Q

a parabola is….

A

a uniform curve symmetrical about its highest point

51
Q

a parabolic flight path is…

A

a flight path symmetrical about its highest point caused by the dominant weight force of a projectile

52
Q

if weight is the dominant force and air resistance is small a _______ flight path occurs

A

parabolic

53
Q

give and explain a practical example of a parabolic flight path

A

a shot put

it has a high mass and travels through the air with a low velocity with a small frontal cross sectional area and smooth surface area minimising air resistance minimal

54
Q

a non parabolic flight path is….

A

a flight path asymmetrical about its highest point caued bythe dominant force of air resistance on a projectile

55
Q

if air resistance is the dominant force and weight is very small a __________ flight path occurs

A

non-parabolic

56
Q

give and explain a practical example of a non-parabolic flight path

A

a badminton shuttle

it has a very low mass and travles at a high velocity with an uneven surface which increases air resistance

57
Q

in a parabolic flight path what force is dominant?

A

wieght

58
Q

in a non parabolic flight path what force is dominant?

A

air resistance

59
Q

a parallelogram of forces can be drawn to conisder…

A

the result of all forces acting on a aprojectile in flight

60
Q

resultant force is..

A

the sum of all forces acting on a body or the net force acting on a projectile

61
Q

in a parallelogram of forces if resultant force is closer to the weight arrow weight is _______

so the flight path will be _________

A

dominant
parabolic

62
Q

in a parallelogram of forces if the resultant force is closer to the air resistance arrow, air resistance is ____

so the flight path will be _________

A

dominant
non-parabolic

63
Q

the Bernoulli Principle is…

A

the creation of additional lift force on a projectile in flight resulting from Bernoulli’s conclusion that the higher the velocity of air flow, the lower the surrounding pressure

64
Q

lift force is…

A

an additional force created by a pressure gradient forming on opposing surfaces of an aerofoil moving through fluid

65
Q

describe the shape of an aerofoil

A

a streamlined shape with a curved upper surface and a flat lower surface

66
Q

angle of attack is…

A

17 degrees and is the most favourable angle of release for a projectile to optmise lift force due to the Bernoulli principle

67
Q

how is lift force created?

6 marks

A
  1. Create an angle of attack 17°
  2. Air travels further over top of projectile
  3. Air travels faster over top of projectile
  4. Creating a pressure gradient
  5. Air moves from area of high to low pressure
  6. Lift force created
68
Q

if the aerofoil is inverted what is generated?

A

downward lift force

69
Q

what sport is upward lift force useful?

A

ski jumping

70
Q

in what sport is downward lift force useful?

A

F1

71
Q

how is downward lift force created?
5 marks

A
  1. aerfoil shape is inverted
  2. air is forced to travel a further distance underneath projectile
  3. air velocity underneath projectile increases creating low pressure
  4. a pressure gradient is formed
  5. resulting in downward force
72
Q

where is eccentric force applied to to create a topsin?

A

above the COM

73
Q

how does the projectile spin in a topspin?

A

downwards around a transverse axis

74
Q

where is eccentric force applied in a backspin?

A

below the COM

75
Q

how does the projectile spin in a backspin?

A

upwards around the transverse axis

76
Q

where is the eccentric force applied in a sidespin hook?

A

right of the COM

77
Q

how does the projectile spin in a sidespin hook?

A

left around the longitudinal axis `

78
Q

where is the eccentric force applied in a sidespin slice?

A

left of the COM

79
Q

how does a the projectile spin in a sidespin slice?

A

right around the longitudinal axis

80
Q

magnus force is…

A

a force created from a pressure gradient on opposing surfaces of a spinning body moving through the air

81
Q

magnus effect is….

A

creation of an additional Magus force on a spinning projectile which deviates the flight path

82
Q

a hook is…

A

a type of sidespin used to deviate a projectile’s flight path to the left

83
Q

a slice is….

A

a type of sidespin used to deviate a projectiles flight path to the right

84
Q

topspin tennis example
for a ball with topspin the additional magnus force is created by….

A
  1. the upper surface of a ball rotates towards the oncoming air flow, opposing motion, decreasing velocity of air flow and creates a high pressure zone
  2. the lower surface of the ball rotating in the same direction as the air flow, increasing velocity of air flow and creates a low pressure zone
  3. a pressure gradient forms and an additional Magnus force being created downwards
85
Q

benefits of a spin in tennis

A
  1. gives the ball stability in flight
  2. can confuse the opposition
  3. it shortens the flight path, allowing the ball to be hit harder without going out
86
Q

describe how magnus force acts in a sidespin hook

5 marks

A
  1. air flow opposes motion
  2. ball rotates to the left guiding air flow at high velocity & low pressure
  3. ball rotates against air flow on right resisting air flow at low velocity & high pressure
  4. pressure gradient forms
  5. magnus force acts to deviate the flight path left
87
Q

describe how magnus force acts in a sidespin slice

5 marks

A
  1. air flow opposes motion
  2. ball rotates to the right guiding air flow at high velocity & low pressure
  3. ball rotates against air flow on leeft resisting air flow at low velocity & high pressure
  4. pressure gradient forms
  5. magnus force acts to deviate the flight path right

A level PE (20 decks)

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