11.3 Demographics

Question 1

demographics

Answer 1

the statistics of populations

the mathematical applications of sociology

Question 2

common demographics

Answer 2

age, gender, race and ethnicity, sexual orientation, immigration status

Question 3

age cohort

Question 4

ageism

Answer 4

prejudice or discrimination on the basis of a persons age

Question 5

gender

Answer 5

the set of behavioural, cultural, or psychological traits typically associated with a biological sex

Question 6

gender inequality

Answer 6

the intentional or unintentional empowerment of one gender to the detriment of the other

Question 7

gender segregation

Answer 7

the separation of individuals based on perceived gender

ex. male and female public restrooms, or male vs female sports team

Question 8

race

Answer 8

a social construct based on phenotypic differences between groups of people; these may be either real or perceived differences

Question 9

racialization

Answer 9

the definition or establishment of a group as a particular race

Question 10

racial formation theory

Answer 10

a theory that says that racial identity is fluid and dependent on concurrent political, economic, and social factors

Question 11

ethnicity

Answer 11

a social construct that sorts people by cultural factors including language, nationality, religion, and other factors

Question 12

race vs ethnicity

Answer 12

one can choose whether or not to display ethnic identity, while racial identities are always on display

Question 13

symbolic ethnicity

Answer 13

a specific connection to one’s ethnicity in which ethnic symbols and identity remain important, even when ethnic identity does not play a significant role in everyday life

ex. an Irish-American who celebrate St. Patricks day but their Irish ethnicity does not play a significant role in their life during the rest of the year

Question 14

sexual orientation

Answer 14

one’s sexual interest toward members of the same, opposite, or both sexes

Question 15

kinsey scale

Answer 15

a scale of 1 to 6 with 1 being completely heterosexual and 6 being completely homosexual

a significant proportion of the population falls between the 2 extremes

Question 16

intersectionality

Answer 16

the interplay between multiple demographic factors (especially when it leads to discrimination or oppression)

Question 17

demographic shifts

Answer 17

changes in the makeup of a population over time

Question 18

population pyramids

Answer 18

a way to visualize two variables: age and sex

Question 19

fertility rate

Answer 19

the average number of children born to a woman during her lifetime in a population

Question 20

birth rate

Answer 20

relative to a population size over time

usually measured as the number of births per 1000 people per year

Question 21

mortality rates

Answer 21

the number of deaths in a population per unit time

Question 22

crude rate

Answer 22

the total rate for a population (accounts for both birth rates and death rates simultaneously)

Question 23

migration

Answer 23

refers to the movement of people from one geographic location to another

Question 24

immigration

Answer 24

the movement INTO a new geographic area

Question 25

emmigration

Answer 25

the movement AWAY from a geographic area

Question 26

**pull factors** of migration

Answer 26

positive attributes of the new location that attract immigrants

Question 27

**push factors** of migration

Answer 27

negative attributes of the old location that encourage the immigrant to leave

Question 28

demographic transition

Answer 28

a specific example of demographic shift refers to the changes in birth and death rates in a country as a result of industrialization

Question 29

4 stages of demographic transition

Answer 29

stage 1: preindustrial society; birth and death rates are high stage 2: death rates drop as healthcare (etc.) improve stage 3: birth rates drop as contraception (etc.) improve; fertility rates also drop as parents need to support each child for longer (as they get an education, etc.) stage 4: in an industrialized society, both birth and death rates are low

Question 30

malthusian theory

Answer 30

focuses on how the exponential growth of a population can outpace growth of the food supply (and other resources) and lead to social degradation and disorder

Question 31

social movements

Answer 31

organized to either promote or resist social change

Question 32

relative deprivation

Answer 32

a decrease in resources, representation, or agency relative to the past or to the whole of society

Question 33

**proactive** vs **reactive** social movements

Answer 33

proactive: promote social change reactive: resist social change

Question 34

globalization

Answer 34

the sharing of culture, money and products between countries spurred by the improvement in global communication technology decreases geographical constraints on social and cultural exchanges

Question 35

urbanization

Answer 35

the movement of people from rural to urban areas (urban areas = dense areas of population creating a pull for migration)

Question 36

Ghettoes

Answer 36

areas where specific racial, ethnic, or religious _minorities_ are concentrated (usually due to social or economic inequities)

Question 37

slums

Answer 37

an extremely densely populated area of a city with low-quality or informal housing and poor sanitation (an extreme type of Ghetto)