Blueprint FL 3: P/S

Question 1

6 universal emotions

Answer 1

expressed the same by all humans, regardless of culture, language, etc.

Question 2

three types of organizations

Answer 2

coercive
normative
utilitarian

Question 3

mimetic organization

Answer 3

an organization that attempts to copy another organization

Question 4

coercive organization

Answer 4

organizations in which members are forced to join

ex. Prison

Question 5

A normative organization

Answer 5

people join due to some shared ethical or ideal goal

Question 6

A utilitarian organization

Answer 6

organizations in which members are compensated for their involvement

ex. Employees of a particular company share membership in a utilitarian organization

Question 7

groupthink

Answer 7

when the desire for harmony or conformity in a group results in an irrational or dysfunctional decision-making outcome

nobody suggests new options, etc.

Question 8

group polarization

Answer 8

when group decision-making amplifies the original opinion of group members

results in a consensus view that is more extreme than the individual views of any one group member before the group discussion began

Question 9

egocentric bias

Answer 9

people’s tendency to fixate on their own perspective when examining events or beliefs

Question 10

Attributional bias

Answer 10

when people make attribute peoples behaviours to incorrect sources

ex. explain a person’s behaviour by referring to their character rather than any situational factor

Question 11

framing bias

“framing effect”

Answer 11

the way in which data is presented or “framed” can influence decision making

Question 12

Automation bias

Answer 12

the tendency to excessively depend on automated systems

can lead to erroneous automated information overriding correct decisions

Question 13

intragenerational mobility

Answer 13

when change in social class happens in a person’s own lifetime

intra = within (within ONE generation)

Question 14

intergenerational mobility

Answer 14

change in social class between generations

inter = between (changes from one generation to the next)

Question 15

social reproduction

Answer 15

the passing on of social inequality across generations

poverty tends to beget poverty, and wealth tends to beget wealth across generations

Question 16

meritocracy

Answer 16

a society where peoples success is based on MERIT not relationships, status, etc.

everyone has equal opportunity and their success is based on hardwork, skills, etc.

Question 17

mylenation of axons…

Answer 17

protects neurons
increase the speed of impulse propagation
provides electrical** insulation**

does NOT affect strength because AP’s are all-or-nothing

Question 18

afferent neurons

Answer 18

A = ascend

go TOWARDS the brain/spinal cord

includes sensory neurons

Question 19

efferent neurons

Answer 19

E = exit

leave the brain/spinal cord and goes towards muscles

Motor neurons

Question 20

foot-in-the-door persuasion technique

Answer 20

getting a person to agree to a small request, followed by making a much larger request

Question 21

door-in-the-face persuasion technique

Answer 21

the initial request is unreasonably large and is therefore rejected

The initial large request is then followed by a smaller, more reasonable-sounding request that is much more likely to be accepted

Question 22

construct validity

Answer 22

whether or not measures actually assess the variables that they are intended to assess

Question 23

reliability

in research

Answer 23

refers to the likelihood that results could be replicated

Question 24

validity

in research

Answer 24

refers to whether the test measures what it is intended to measure

Question 25

**objective** assessment

Answer 25

measures specific characteristics based on a set of **discrete options** ex. such as in the Meyers-Briggs personality assessment

Question 26

**subjective** assessments

Answer 26

patients project their own subjective feelings, perceptions, and thoughts onto the assessment stimuli, yielding results that are open for inaccuracy explains why physicians may reach a different conclusion despite seeing the same patient who says the same thing

Question 27

projective test/assessment

Answer 27

a personality test in which subjects are shown ambiguous images or given situations and asked to interpret them subjects project their own emotions, attitudes, and impulses onto the stimulus given

Question 28

Weber's Law

Answer 28

the just-noticeable difference is directly proportional to the percent change in the original stimulus there is a **linear relationship** between the intensity of a stimulus and its detection

Question 29

just-noticeable difference

Answer 29

the change required to perceive a difference from an initial stimulus

Question 30

Weber's law includes a ------ relationship | linear vs nonlinear

Answer 30

LINEAR

Question 31

4 levels of measurement scales

Answer 31

nominal ordinal interval ratio

Question 32

nominal scale

Answer 32

simply categorizes variables according to qualitative labels (or names) cannot rank them quantitatively; don’t have any order or hierarchy to them, nor do they convey any numerical value. example: hair colour on a nominal scale of blonde, brunette, red, or black

Question 33

ordinal scale

Answer 33

also categorizes variables into labeled groups (like the nominal scale), but these groups have an order or hierarchy to them they are still qualitative labels, but you can see that they follow a hierarchical order ex. income level groups as low income, medium income, or high income.

Question 34

interval scale

Answer 34

a numerical scale which labels and orders variables, with a known, evenly spaced interval between each of the values. example: the temperature scale whether the difference between 4-5 degrees is the same as between 8-9 degrees there is NO TRUE ZERO (zero degrees still represents a temperature, and you can measure bewlo zero as well)

Question 35

ratio scale

Answer 35

a numerical scale where there is a true zero and equal intervals between neighboring points. ex. weight or height - you cannot have negative weight

Question 36

rank the measurement scales from lowest to highest levels

Answer 36

nominal -> ordinal -> interval -> ratio

Question 37

self-efficacy

Answer 37

an individual's belief in their capacity to act in the ways necessary to reach specific goals

Question 38

ways to increase self-efficacy

Answer 38

social modeling social persuasion modifying psychological responses mastery of tasks

Question 39

R-squared value in statistics

Answer 39

ranges from 0-1 (or 0-100%) how well the regression line approximates the actual data

Question 40

regression line | statistics

Answer 40

displays the connection between scattered data points in any set

Question 41

Broca's area

Answer 41

speech production

Question 42

Wernicke's area

Answer 42

speech comprehension

Question 43

monozygotic twins

Answer 43

identical twins came from 1 egg

Question 44

dizygotic twins

Answer 44

fraternal twins came from 2 eggs same genetic relationship as siblings

Question 45

self-identity / self-concept

Answer 45

how someone view or defines themselves; the overarching idea we have about who we are—physically, emotionally, socially, spiritually, etc.

Question 46

self-awareness

Answer 46

the ability to recognize oneself as an individual separate from the environment and other individuals

Question 47

self-esteem

Answer 47

someone’s sense of personal worth or abilities; confidence

Question 48

self-efficacy

Answer 48

an individual's belief in their capacity to reach specific goals

Question 49

retrograde amnesia

Answer 49

can't recall memories that were formed before the event that caused the amnesia

Question 50

anterograde amnesia

Answer 50

a type of memory loss that occurs when you can't form new memories

Question 51

retrograde interference

Answer 51

when new memories or knowledge interfere with retrieval of old memories

Question 52

proactive interference

Answer 52

when older memories inhibit the consolidation or retrieval of new memories

Question 53

confabulation

Answer 53

making up memories to fill in gaps and then believing that those memories are true sometimes called "honest lying"

Question 54

Korsakoff's syndrome is caused by...

Answer 54

reduced levels of vitamin B1 (thiamine)

Question 55

relative refractory period

Answer 55

a new action potential CAN be initiated, but it requires a stronger stimulus to overcome to repolarization and hyperpolarization phases

Question 56

absolute refractory period

Answer 56

another action potential CANNOT be initiated because sodium channels are inactive

Question 57

explain the activation/deactivation of ion channels throughout an action potential

Answer 57

at rest: both channels are closed (?) depolarization: Na+ channels are activated repolarization: Na+ inactivated; K+ activated relative refractory period: Na+ activated again, K+ still active | activated is different than OPEN

Question 58

estrogen function

Answer 58

develops and maintains the female reproductive system and female secondary sex characteristics inhibit bone resorption (breakdown bone tissue to release minerals) ## Footnote also works to develop the endometrium of the uterus

Question 59

testosterone function

Answer 59

develops and maintains male reproductive system and male secondary sex characteristics

Question 60

payhway of sperm through male reproductive system

Answer 60

**"seve(n) up"** seminiferous tubules epididymus vas deferens ejaculatory duct nothing urethra penis

Question 61

two functional components of the testes

Answer 61

seminiferous tubules interstitial cells of Leydig

Question 62

where is sperm produced?

Answer 62

seminiferous tubules

Question 63

function of sertoli cells

Answer 63

nourish sperm

Question 64

cells of Leydig function

Answer 64

secrete testosterone and other male sex hormones (androgens)

Question 65

implicit attitudes

Answer 65

attitudes below the conscious level

Question 66

explicit attitudes

Answer 66

conscious attitudes willing to self-report

Question 67

overt behaviour

Answer 67

observable behaviour ex. physical movements and verbal statements

Question 68

covert behaviour

Answer 68

unobservable behavior the internal thoughts or motives that result in outward overt actions