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AP Biology > Unit 1: Chemistry of Life > Flashcards

Unit 1: Chemistry of Life Flashcards

1
Q

matter

A

anything that takes up space and has mass

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2
Q

element

A

substance that can’t be broken down to other substances chemically

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3
Q

compound

A

substance made up of two or more elements in a fixed ratio

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4
Q

What four elements make up 96% of all living matter?

A

Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen

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5
Q

essential element

A

pure substances needed by an organism to survive and reproduce

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6
Q

trace element

A

essential elements needed in only small quantities by an organism

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7
Q

neutron

A

particle with neutral charge

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8
Q

proton

A

particle with positive charge

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9
Q

electron

A

particle with negative charge

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10
Q

atomic mass

A

total mass of an atom in AMU

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11
Q

atomic number

A

total number of protons in the nucleus in an atom

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12
Q

isotope

A

an atom with different amounts of neutrons in the nucleus than its normal form

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13
Q

electron shells

A

average distances away from the nucleus describing the orbits of electrons

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14
Q

molecule

A

two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds

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15
Q

double bond

A

when atoms share two pairs of electrons rather than one pair

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16
Q

electronegativity

A

the ability of an atom to attract electrons towards itself

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17
Q

nonpolar covalent bond

A

two atoms have similar electronegativity

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18
Q

polar covalent bond

A

two atoms have different electronegativity, but still share electrons

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19
Q

ionic bond

A

the stealing of electrons creating ions that are attracted to each other

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20
Q

anion

A

negatively charged atom

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21
Q

cation

A

positively charged atom

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22
Q

hydrogen bond

A

the weak bond between a hydrogen atom and a very electronegative atom of another molecule

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23
Q

van der waals interactions

A

weak interactions that occur randomly in any molecules due to slight differences in charge in different regions of the molecule in an instant

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24
Q

chemical reactions

A

the making and breaking of bonds

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25
Q

What are the properties of water?

A 
hydrogen bonding
cohesion
adhesion
surface tension
excellent solvent
capillary action
high heat capacity
less dense solid form than liquid
high heat of vaporization
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26
Q

cohesion

A

water attracted to other water molecules

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27
Q

adhesion

A

water attracted to other substances

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28
Q

surface tension

A

tendency of water molecules on the top to hold their structure

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29
Q

Why is water a good solvent?

A

Water is polar, using its positively charged side to surround negatively charged solutes and vice versa

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30
Q

hydrophobic substances

A

substances not attracted to water

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31
Q

hydrophilic substances

A

substances attracted to water

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32
Q

specific heat capacity

A

amount of heat it takes to change the temperature of one gram of a substance by 1 Celsius

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33
Q

heat of vaporization

A

the amount of heat required to change a liquid to a gas

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34
Q

evaporative cooling

A

when water evaporates, cools surface

mechanism of sweating

35
Q

How does ice float?

A

Since hydrogen bonds keep ice molecules a good distance away from each other such that ice is less dense than liquid water, allowing ice to float

36
Q

solvent

A

substance that does the disolving

37
Q

solution

A

uniform mixture of 2 or more substances

38
Q

solute

A

substance being disolved

39
Q

pH

A

measure of the concentration of H+ ions in a solution; pH = -log[H+]

40
Q

acid

A

solution with a [H+] > [OH-]

41
Q

base

A

solution with a [H+] < [OH-]

42
Q

What are the types of carbon skeletons?

A

straight
branched
double bonds
ring

43
Q

hydrocarbon

A

molecule of only hydrogens and carbons

44
Q

functional group

A

chemical groups attached to molecules that change the function of the molecule

45
Q

What are the 7 types of functional groups?

A 
Hydroxyl
Carbonyl
Carboxyl
Amino
Sulfhydryl
Phosphate
Methyl
46
Q

What are the properties of hydroxyl groups?

A

make molecule alcohol
polar
hydrophilic

47
Q

What are the properties of carbonyl groups?

A

polar
hydrophilic
two types: aldehyde (end of carbon chain) and ketone (middle of carbon chain)

48
Q

What are the properties of Carboxyl groups?

A

acidic

make molecule a carboxylic acid

49
Q

What are the properties of amino groups?

A

basic

make molecule amine

50
Q

What are the properties of sulfhydryl groups?

A

disulfide bridges

make molecule thiol

51
Q

What are the properties of phosphate groups?

A 
energy transfer (ATP) as holds a lot of energy
make molecule an organic phosphate
52
Q

What are the properties of methyl groups?

A

nonpolar

53
Q

What are the four main biomolecules?

A

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids

54
Q

polymer

A

large molecules made up of monomers

55
Q

monomer

A

building blocks of polymers

56
Q

dehydration synthesis reaction

A

covalent bonding of two molecules by giving up a water molecule

57
Q

hydrolysis

A

breaking down polymers by adding a water molecule

58
Q

What is the monomer of a carbohydrate?

A

monosaccharide

59
Q

disaccharide

A

sugar of two monosaccharides bound together

60
Q

glycosidic linkage

A

covalent bond formed between 2 monosaccharides

61
Q

polysaccharides

A

3 or more monosaccharides bonded together

62
Q

sucrose

A

table sugar; disaccharide formed from glucose and fructose

63
Q

maltose

A

sugar in beer; disaccharide formed from two glucose molecules

64
Q

lactose

A

milk sugar; disaccharides of galactose and glucose

65
Q

storage polysaccharides

A

used for storing energy (glycogen, starch)

66
Q

structural polysaccharides

A

used for building stuff (cellulose)

67
Q

What are the monomers of lipids?

A

glycerol head and fatty acid tails

68
Q

What is a characteristic of all lipids?

A

nonpolar

69
Q

ester linkages

A

the bond between glycerol head and fatty acid tails

70
Q

saturated fat

A

all carbons are filled with hydrogens

71
Q

unsaturated fat

A

not all carbons are filled with hydrogens; includes a double bond

72
Q

phospholipid

A

the lipid of a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail; makes cell membrane

73
Q

protein

A

biomolecule with many functions in body; used to do stuff

74
Q

What is the monomer of proteins?

A

amino acids

75
Q

What is an amino acid made of?

A

an amine group, a carboxyl group, a central carbon, a hydrogen, and an R group

76
Q

peptide bond

A

bond joining amino acids

77
Q

dipeptide

A

protein of two amino acids

78
Q

polypeptide

A

many amino acids joined together

79
Q

What are the four levels of protein structure?

A

Primary (polypeptide)
Secondary (polypeptide binds in on itself in alpha-helices and beta-pleated sheets)
Tertiary (finished singular unit of protein)
Quaternary (Finished combined unit of protein; only some proteins)

80
Q

denaturation

A

unfolding of proteins

81
Q

What are the monomers of nucleic acids?

A

nucleotides

82
Q

What are nucleotides made of?

A

Sugar, nitrogenous base, and phosphate group

83
Q

What are the five nitrogenous bases?

A

Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine, and Uracil

84
Q

antiparallel

A

two DNA strands parallel but move in opposite directions

AP Biology (8 decks)

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