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AP Biology > Unit 2: Cell Structure and Function > Flashcards

Unit 2: Cell Structure and Function Flashcards

1
Q

prokaryotic cell

A

a type of cell that has no organelles

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2
Q

eukaryotic cell

A

has organelles

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3
Q

cell wall

A

rigid sturcture outside plasma membrane in plants

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4
Q

plasma membrane

A

membrane enclosing the cytoplasm

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5
Q

bacterial chromosome

A

single stand of DNA enclosed by cell membrane

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6
Q

nucleoid

A

region where prokaryotic cell’s DNA is located

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7
Q

cytoplasm

A

fluid interior of cell

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8
Q

Why are cells so small?

A

To maximize their surface area to volume ratio. SA proportional to a^2 and V proportianal to a^3, so SA/V proportianal to 1/a. Smaller cells have a smaller a so a larger SA/V ratio. This allows more diffusion of substances through cell membranes

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9
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

double membrane that encloses the nucleus and seperates it from the cytoplasm

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10
Q

nuclear lamina

A

protein filaments that maintain the shape of the nuclear envelope and connects the two layers of the nuclear envelope

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11
Q

nuclear matrix

A

fibers in the nucleus that keeps its shape

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12
Q

Chromosomes

A

single structure of a long DNA strand and associated proteins

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13
Q

chromatin

A

complex of histone proteins and DNA

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14
Q

nucleoli

A

condensed regions of the nucleus where ribosomes are made

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15
Q

ribosomes

A

structures of large and small subunits that build and assemble proteins from mRNA

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16
Q

free ribosomes

A

ribosomes in the cytosol that make proteins that function in the cytoplasm

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17
Q

bound ribosomes

A

ribosomes in the endoplasmic reticulum or the nuclear envelope that makes proteins for membranes or secretion

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18
Q

What structures make up the endomembrane system?

A

Nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vesicles, vacuoles, and plasma membrane

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19
Q

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A

membrane network emerging from the nuclear membrane

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20
Q

lumen

A

space inside cisterna of the rough ER

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21
Q

cisterna

A

“sac” of the rough ER

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22
Q

transport vesicles

A

membrane sacs that transport contents to other places in the cell

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23
Q

rough ER

A

has bound ribosomes; folds proteins for secretion and is a membrane factory for the cell

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24
Q

smooth ER

A

does not have bound ribosomes on it; synthesizes lipids, metabolized carbohydrates, and detoxifies drugs and poisons

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25
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

“post-office” for proteins; modifies incoming proteins and sends them out for final functioning

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26
Q

lysosome

A

membrane sac that has enzymes to break down macromolecules; breaks down particles from phagocytosis and autophagy

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27
Q

phagocytosis

A

cells “eating” or engulfing outside molecules

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28
Q

autophagy

A

breaking down damaged cell parts to be recycled later

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29
Q

vacuole

A

stores stuff like food or water for later use

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30
Q

food vacuole

A

store macromolecules from phagocytosis to later be used by the cell

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31
Q

contractile vacuole

A

pumps excess water out of the cell

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32
Q

central vacuole (plants)

A

stores nutrients like potassium and chloride, absorbs water to keep the shape of the plant cell, and helps with the growth of plant cell

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33
Q

endosymbiont theory

A

states that an early ancestor of mitochondria or chloroplast was engulfed by a larger cell, and both the smaller and larger cells became symbionts and benefitted. The smaller cell became mitochondria and chloroplast today

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34
Q

mitochondria

A

energy-producing organelle in the cell that makes ATP from cellular respiration

35
Q

What are the parts of the mitochondria?

A 
outer membrane
intermembrane space
inner membrane
mitochondrial matrix
cristae
36
Q

chloroplast

A

energy-producing organelle in plants that makes glucose from sunlight via photosynthesis

37
Q

What are the parts of the chloroplast?

A 
outer membrane
inner membrane space
inner membrane
stroma
granum
thylakoids
38
Q

peroxisomes

A

remove H atoms from certain substances like alcohol to O2 to make H2O2 which is converted to H2O. This is useful in the liver to detoxify alcohol

39
Q

cytoskeleton

A

network of fibers throughout the cytoplasm

40
Q

What does the cytoplasm do?

A

Supports and maintains the shape of the cell
Helps move the cell
Manipulates plasma membrane to form vesicles and vacuoles

41
Q

What are the three main types of fibers in the cytoskeleton?

A

Microtubules
Intermediate filaments
Microfilaments

42
Q

microtubules

A

long hollow rods made of the protein tubulin;

role in cell shape and motility of structures

43
Q

intermediate filaments

A

fibers bigger than microfilaments but smaller than microtubules;
they make up the nuclear lamina and help structure the cell and fix position of organelles

44
Q

microfilaments

A

fibers made of a double chain of actin filaments;

involved in movement

45
Q

centrosome

A

region containing two centrioles involved in assembling microtubules in the cell and in cell division

46
Q

cilia

A

structures made of mucrotubules and occur in large numbers and have beating patterns

47
Q

flagella

A

“tail” allowing some prokaryotes to move made of microtubules and are limited to only a few. Have wave-like patterns

48
Q

motor proteins

A

proteins that “walk” in the cilia or flagella to bend it to cause movement or beating patterns; include dynein and myosin

49
Q

What is th cell wall made of?

A

microfibrils made of cellulose as well as other polysaccharides and proteins

50
Q

primary cell wall

A

thin and flexible wall secreted first by the plant cell in early life

51
Q

middle lamella

A

a layer of sticky polysaccharides called pectins between primary cell walls of adjacent cells

52
Q

secondary cell wall

A

extra layer of protection that is hard and durable and is built once the plant cell is fully grown

53
Q

extracellular matrix (ECM)

A

fibers outside animal cells for protection and structure

54
Q

What are the intercellular junctions between plant cells?

A

plasmodesmata; water and small solutes can pass through them

55
Q

What are the intercellular junctions in animal cells?

A

tight junctions: prevent fluid from moving between two cells
desmosomes: fasten cells together into sheets
gap junctions: channels between cells that allow solutes to pass between them

56
Q

amphipathic

A

one side of the phospholipid is hydrophilic while the other is hydrophobic

57
Q

fluid mosaic model

A

the cell membrane is a mosaic of proteins moving through a dynamic bilayer of phospholipids

58
Q

membrane fluidity

A

the cell membrane and the proteins in it are constantly moving

59
Q

How does decreasing temperature affect membrane fluidity

A

phospholipids pack together tightly

60
Q

How does cholesterol control membrane fluidity?

A

at high temperatures, it keeps phospholipids together

at low temperatures, it keeps phospholipids apart

61
Q

integral proteins

A

penetrates completely or partially hydrophobic interior of membrane

62
Q

peripheral proteins

A

loosely bound to surface of membrane

63
Q

What are the functions of membrane proteins?

A

Transport: protein channels allow certain substances through
Enzymatic activity: can metabolize reactants at the cell membrane
Attachment to cytoskeleton and ECM: maintains the structure of the cell and allows intra and extracellular communication
Cell-cell recognition: glycoproteins are “Tags” to be recognized by other cells
Intercellular joining: proteins of different cells and hookup to communicate
Signal transduction: can relay signals to the cell

64
Q

glycolipids

A

carbohydrates bonded to lipids

65
Q

glycoproteins

A

carbohydrates bonded to proteins

66
Q

channel proteins

A

hydrophilic channel that lets ions pas through

67
Q

carrier proteins

A

change shape and shuttle particles through the membrane

68
Q

aquaporins

A

channel proteins that allow water through the cell membrane

69
Q

diffusion

A

movement of particles from high to low density regions

70
Q

concentration gradient

A

a region where the concentration of a substance varies

71
Q

passive transport

A

transport not requiring energy

72
Q

osmosis

A

diffusion of water across an selectively permeable membrane

73
Q

isotonic

A

the environment has the same solute:water concentration as the cell

74
Q

hypertonic

A

the environment has a greater solute to water concentration that the cell

75
Q

hypotonic

A

the environment has a less solute to water concentration than the cell

76
Q

turgid

A

healthy, fully expanded state of plant cell that limits uptake of water

77
Q

flaccid

A

wilted state of plant cell

78
Q

plasmolysis

A

plant’s plasma membrane wilts so much that cell will die

79
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

passive transport of particles vis help of transport proteins

80
Q

active transport

A

diffusion of particles against the concentration gradient via transport proteins that require ATP

81
Q

Sodium Potassium pump

A

3 Na+ ions out, 2 K+ ions in

82
Q

membrane potential

A

voltage (separation of opposite charges) across a membrane

83
Q

cotransport

A

when a cotransporter protein shuttles a substance down its concentration gradient, but at the same time shuttles another substance against its concentration gradient

AP Biology (8 decks)

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