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MS_Primers for Exam 3 Content > ABG Fundamentals (Mark K Lecture 1) > Flashcards

ABG Fundamentals (Mark K Lecture 1) Flashcards

1
Q

pH

A

7.35-7.45

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2
Q

Partial pressure carbon dioxide

PaCO2

A

35-45

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3
Q

Bicarbonate

HCO3

A

22-26

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4
Q

Partial pressure oxygen

PaO2

A

75-100

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5
Q

Oxygen saturation

SaO2

A

≥ 95

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6
Q

What is the “Rule of B’s” when interpreting ABGs?

A

If the pH and the Bicarb are both in the same direction, then it is metaBolic

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7
Q

What ABG value determines if a patient has acidosis or alkalosis?

A
  • Low pH = acidotic
  • High pH = alkalotic
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8
Q

If both pH and Bicarb are both high or both low, what does that indicate?

A

Acidosis or Alkalosis condition is METABOLIC

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9
Q

If pH and Bicarb values are opposite each other (one high, one low) what does that indicate?

A

Acidosis or Alkalosis condition is RESPIRATORY

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10
Q

What is indicated if BiCarb (HCO3) is with normal range and pH is high or low?

A
  • The acidosis/alkalosis is RESPIRATORY
  • If BiCarb is normal or opposite of pH, it is always RESPIRATORY
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11
Q

Interpret the following values:

pH = 7.30, HCO3 = 20

A
  • pH 7.30 ↓, HCO3 20 ↓
  • Both pH an Bicarb are in the same direction (low), making it metabolic
  • Low pH = acidosis
  • Condition is: metabolic acidosis
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12
Q

Interpret the following values:

pH = 7.58, HCO3 = 32

A
  • pH 7.58 ↑, HCO3 32 ↑
  • Both pH and BiCarb are in the same direction (high), making it metabolic
  • High pH = Alkalosis
  • Condition is: Metabolic Alkalosis
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13
Q

You are providing care to a client with the following blood gas results: pH: 7.32, CO2: 49, HCO3: 29, PO2: 80, and SaO2: 90%. Based on these results, the client is experiencing:

A
  • Respiratory Acidosis
  • pH ↓, HCO3 ↑ = RESPIRATORY
  • pH ↓ = ACIDOSIS
  • Condition = RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS
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14
Q

What are the four acid-base conditions?

A
  • Metabolic Acidosis
  • Metabolic Alkalosis
  • Respiratory Acidosis
  • Respiratory Alkalosis
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15
Q

The only acid base condition to cause Kussmaul respirations is?

A

Metabolic Acidosis

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16
Q

What are Kussmaul respirations?

A

a deep, rapid breathing pattern to expel carbon dioxide

17
Q

As the _______ goes, so goes _______ except for _______. To what does this phrase refer?

A
  • pH
  • my patient
  • Potassium
  • This refers to pt s/s to pH levels
18
Q

If pH is up, what are the s/s?

A
  • Don’t memorize a list of s/s
  • s/s will relate to elevated s/s
  • ex: hypokalemia, alkalosis, HTN, Tachycardia, Tachypnea, Seizures, Irritability, Spastic, Diarrhea, borborygmi, hyperreflexia, etc
  • Note that potassium is the opposite of all other s/s (hypokalemia)
19
Q

If pH is low, what are the s/s?

A
  • Don’t memorize a list of s/s
  • s/s will relate to depressed s/s
  • ex: hyperkalemia, acidosis, HTN, bradycardia, constipation, absent bowel sounds, flaccid, bradypnea
  • Note that potassium is the opposite of all other s/s (hyperkalemia)
20
Q

Causes of acid-base imbalance: First ask yourself, “Is it _______?” If yes, then it’s _______. Then ask yourself: “Are they _______ or _______. If _______, pick _______. If _______, pick _______

A
  • lung
  • respiratory
  • over ventilating
  • under ventilating
  • over ventilating
  • alkalosis
  • under ventilating
  • acidosis
21
Q

What is respiratory rate vs ventilation?

A
  • RR = speed of breathing
  • Ventilation = actual O2sat
  • You can breathe fast/slow and still not get enough O2 (proper ventilation)
22
Q

Causes of acid-base imbalance: If it’s not lung, then it’s _______. If the patient has _______ _______ vomiting or suction, pick _______. For everything else that isn’t lung, pick _______ _______. When you don’t know what to pick, choose _______ .

A
  • Metabolic
  • prolonged gastric
  • alkalosis
  • metabolic acidosis
  • metabolic acidosis
23
Q

Ventilators:

High pressure alarms are triggered by _______ resistance to air flow.

A

Increased

24
Q

Ventilators:

High pressure alarms are triggered by increased resistance to airflow and can be caused by obstructions of three types. Name the type and action to be taken to resolve each.

A
  • Kinked tube: unkink
  • Water in tube: empty
  • Mucus in airway: cough and deep breathe
25
Q

Ventilators:

Low pressure alarm are triggered by _______ resistance to airflow.

A

Decreased

26
Q

Ventilators:

Low pressure alarms are triggered by decreased resistance to airflow and can be caused by disconnections of the _______ or _______. Give the action to be taken for each cause

A
  • Tubing: reconnect it
  • Oxygen sensor tube: reconnect it UNLESS tube is on the floor­, then bag them and call the Rapid Response Team (RT) if this happens
27
Q

Ventilators:

Respiratory alkalosis mean ventilator settings may be too _______.

A

High (overventilation)

28
Q

Ventilators:

Respiratory acidosis mean ventilator settings may be too _______

A

Low (underventilation)

29
Q

Ventilators:

What does “wean” mean?

A

gradually decrease with the goal of getting off altogether

30
Q

Under which acid-base condition would we NOT take the pt off the ventilator and why?

A

Respiratory acidosis, due to UNDERVENTILATION

31
Q

Under which acid-base condition would we be able to take the pt off the ventilator and why?

A

Respiratory alkalosis, due to OVERVENTILATION

32
Q

What are the value ranges for reflexes?

A
  • 0-1 = hyporeflexia
  • 2 = normal
  • 3-4 = hyperreflexia
33
Q

What are borborygmi?

A

Increased bowel sounds

34
Q

On the NCLEX, what is the general rule of thumb regarding how many answers to select on a SATA question?

A
  • The answer is never just one
  • The answer is never all
35
Q

Why do we NOT memorize lists such as s/s of a condition?

A

because all books/classes have different lists

36
Q

How do we know which s/s to choose in a list? Give an example.

A
  • Know principles of how a condition affects the body and then choose options (generate a list) of s/s that relate to that
  • Ex: Opioids/pain meds:
    • sedation, CNS depression -> lethargy, flaccidity, +1, hyporeflexia, obtunded
    • Any s/s that are presented that support this line of affect
37
Q

In our NCLEX style questions, we need to pay more attention to the modifying phrases than the original noun. Give two examples of this.

A
  • Person w/ OCD who is now psychotic (psychotic trumps OCD)
  • Hyperemesis with dehydration (pay attention to dehydration)

MS_Primers for Exam 3 Content (13 decks)

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