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A&P After Midterm Saint > The Cell Level > Flashcards

The Cell Level Flashcards

1
Q

What is the smallest structural and functional unit of a living organism?

A

the cell

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2
Q

What is the cell doctrine?

A

1.all living things consist of one or more cells, 2. each cell can live independently of the rest, 3. cells can arise only from other cells

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3
Q

What are the two types of cells?

A

prokaryotic, eukayoitc

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4
Q

What is a eukaryote cell?

A

animal or plant cell

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5
Q

What is a prokaryote cell?

A

bacterium

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6
Q

On average how many cells is the adult body made of?

A

about 37.2 trillion

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7
Q

How many different cells types can cells be classified into?

A

200

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8
Q

What are the types of human cells?

A

reproductive cells (gametes) and somatic cells (all other body cells)

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9
Q

What are the parts of a cell?

A

plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus

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10
Q

What are the basic characteristics of the plasma membrane?

A

flexible outer surface, selective barrier, plays key role in communication among cells and their enviroment

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11
Q

What is the cytoplasm? What does it consist of?

A

includes all cellular contents, except the nucleus. Consists of cytosol and organelles

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12
Q

What is the largest organelle?

A

nucleus

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13
Q

What does the nucleus contain?

A

contains the chromosomes (that house the DNA molecules with the genes)

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14
Q

What is the fluid mosaic model?

A

continually moving sea of fluid lipids with a mosaic of many different proteins, some proteins float freely as icebergs and others are anchored at a specific locations

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15
Q

What is the most important property of the plasma membrane?

A

its selective permeability

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16
Q

What is the selective permeability of the plasma membrane?

A

lipid soluble substances pass, barrier for polar substances, some membrane proteins allow polar substances to pass and move in

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17
Q

The plasma membrane is a ______________ structure composed of _______________ molecules

A

The plasma membrane is a LIPID-BILAYER structure composed of AMPHIPATHIC molecules

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18
Q

What is an amphipathic molecule?

A

one that have one water-soluble end and another lipid soluble end

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19
Q

Which are the amphipathic lipids of the plasma membrane?

A

phospholipids (75%), cholesterol (20%), glycolipids (5%)

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20
Q

What amphipathic lipid of the plasma membrane appears only on the extracellular side of the membrane?

A

glycolipids

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21
Q

What is the arrangement of proteins in the plasma membrane?

A
  1. integral proteins - many are glycoproteins and extend through the bilayer (Transmembrane) and they are anchored, 2. peripheral protein are attached to the polar heads, and are attached to the integral proteins at the inner or outer surface
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22
Q

What is the ‘glyco’ portion of glycoproteins in the membrane?

A

oligosaccharides (sugar) and protrudes into the extracellular fluid

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23
Q

True or false: the ‘sugar’ portion of the glycolipids in the membrane protrudes into the intracellular fluid

A

false: protrudes into the extracellular fluid

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24
Q

What is the glycocalyx of the plasma membrane?

A

the sugar portions of both the glycoproteins and glycolipids form an extensive sugary coat in the outside of the membrane which is called the glycocalyx

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25
Q

True or false: the pattern of sugars in the glycocalyx is the same on each cell

A

False: the pattern of sugars int he glycocalyx is unique to the cell, the molecular signature of the cell

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26
Q

What are the functions of the glycocalyx?

A

cells can recognize each other, WBC can recognize a foreign glycocalyx, enables cells to adhere to one another, protects cells against digestive enzymes, attracts a film of fluid to the surface of many cells making cell slippery which helps RBC circulating within narrow capillaries and protects the cells from the airways and GI tract from drying out

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27
Q

What are the membrane integral proteins?

A

ion channels, carrier (transporter) protein, receptor protein, enzyme protein, linker protein, and cell identity protein markers

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28
Q

What are ion channels?

A

pores for one specific ion

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29
Q

What are carrier proteins?

A

move one polar substance or ion across plasma membrane

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30
Q

What is a receptor protein? Give an example.

A

serves as a recognition site, binds to one specific molecule (ligand) ie. insulin

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31
Q

What is an enzyme protein?

A

catalyzes reaction at the membrane or inside the cell

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32
Q

What are linker proteins?

A

anchor membrane proteins of neighbouring cells

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33
Q

What are cell identity protein markers?

A

glycocalyx

34
Q

What are the functions of peripheral proteins?

A
  1. Support plasma membrane
  2. Anchor integral proteins
  3. Participate in the intracellular
    movement of materials
  4. Attach cells to one another
35
Q

What makes the plasma membrane fluidity?

A

Most membrane lipids and many proteins rotate and move sideways

36
Q

At the body’s temperature what makes the bilayer stronger?

A

Cholesterol makes the bilayer stronger but less fluid at body’s temperature.

37
Q

In a low temperature what does cholesterol do to the plasma membrane fluidity?

A

In low temperature, cholesterol makes it Weaker: the membrane is more fluid but less strong

38
Q

What is membrane fluidity important?

A

Allows interactions within the membrane, including:

  1. Movement of components:
    • Growth
    • Division
    • Secretion
  2. Formation of the cellular junctions
  3. Self-healing if torn or punctured
39
Q

How permeable is the plasma membrane to non-polar molecules?

A

The plasma membrane shows selective permeability

40
Q

How permeable is the plasma membrane to small uncharged molecules?

A
  1. Due to the non polar lipid interior of the bilayer:
    • Highly permeable to non polar molecules:
    • O2, CO2 and steroids
  2. Moderately permeable to small uncharged molecules:
    • H2O, urea
41
Q

What is the plasma membrane impermeable to?

A

The membrane is impermeable to:
• Ions
• Large uncharged molecules (glucose)

42
Q

What do the transmembrane proteins (Channels and carriers) allow to pass through the plasma membrane?

A

allow a variety of ions and uncharged polar molecules (very selectively) to pass

43
Q

How do proteins pass through the plasma membrane?

A

only by endocytosis and exocytosis

44
Q

What are the types of passive transport across the plasma membrane?

A
  1. Simple Diffusion
  2. Facilitated Diffusion
    • Channel-mediated
    • Carrier-mediated
  3. Osmosis
45
Q

What can pass through the plasma membrane via simple diffusion?

A

Non polar, hydrophobic substances move freely through the bilayer down their concentration gradient.

46
Q

What are the two types of channel mediated facilitated diffusion?

A
  1. Channel-mediated Facilitated Diffusion (slower than simple diffusion)
    • Substance moves down its concentration gradient through a channel, very fast
    • Most membrane channels (pores) are ion channels
    • K+ , Cl- (most numerous)
    • Na+ , Ca2+ (fewer)
  2. Carrier-mediated Facilitated Diffusion
    • An integral membrane protein undergo changes in shape to move a substance
    across down its concentration gradient
47
Q

True or false: channel mediated facilitated diffusion is faster than simple diffusion

A

False (slower than simple diffusion)

48
Q

How do substances move through a channel mediated facilitated diffusion?

A

Substance moves down its concentration gradient through a channel, very fast

49
Q

What type of channels are most membrane channels (pores)?

A

Most membrane channels (pores) are ion channels

50
Q

How does carrier mediated facilitated diffusion work?

A

An integral membrane protein undergo changes in shape to move a substance across down its concentration gradient

51
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Osmosis is a net passive movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane

52
Q

True or false: high water concentration moves to an area of lower water concentration

A

True

53
Q

How does water from high concentration move to an area of lower water concentration?

A
  • Simple diffusion

* Aquaporins (channels for water)

54
Q

What is osmotic pressure?

A

Osmotic pressure: The pressure exerted by the solute particles in the solution that cannot cross the membrane
• Directly proportional to the concentration of the solution

55
Q

Why does a normal cells volume remain constant?

A

The normal cell’s volume remains constant because the osmotic pressure in the ECF is the same as the osmotic pressure of the ICF

56
Q

The solution in which the cell maintains its normal shape is called what?

A

The solution in which the cell maintains its normal shape is called isotonic

57
Q

The solution in which the cell shrinks is called what?

A

Hypertonic

58
Q

The solution in which the cell swells is called what?

A

Hypotonic

59
Q

What are the two types of active transport across the membrane?

A
  1. Active Transport:
    • Primary active transport
    • Secondary active transport
2. Transport in Vesicles:
• Endocytosis
• Phagocytosis
• Exocytosis
• Transcytosis
60
Q

What is primary active transport?

A

“Pumps” a substance across the membrane

against its concentration gradient.

61
Q

What is an example of primary active transport?

A

The sodium-potassium pump is an example

62
Q

What is the sodium potassium pump also known as?

A

The sodium-potassium pump is also known as the

Na+/ K+ ATPase

63
Q

What is ATPase?

A

The ATPase is the enzyme that breaks down the ATP molecule for energy to be released

64
Q

What are the types of transport in vesicles?

A

endocytosis and exocytosis

65
Q

What is secondary active transport?

A

The Na+ gradient generated by the pump is used to drive transport of other
solutes.
• In the kidney and intestines, glucose and amino acids enter or leave the cells
only when accompanied by Na+.
• In the heart, Na+ moving down its gradient is coupled to Ca++ moving out.

66
Q

What are symporters?

A

Symporters: move substances in the same direction

67
Q

What are antiporters?

A

Antiporters: move substances in opposite directions

68
Q

What is endocytosis?

A

Materials are moved into the cell in a vesicle formed from the plasma membrane

69
Q

What is exocytosis

A

Materials are moved out of the cell by the fusion of vesicles with the plasma membrane

70
Q

True or false: transport in vesicles don’t require energy

A

False (Transport in vesicles requires energy!)

71
Q

What are the three types of endocytosis?

A
  1. Receptor-mediated endocytosis
  2. Phagocytosis
  3. Bulk-phase endocytosis (pinocytosis)
72
Q

Describe receptor-mediated endocytosis.

A

• Highly selective, cell takes up a specific substance that binds to the
membrane
• Membrane in-vaginates and forms a vesicle
• In the cytoplasm, the vesicle is surrounded by lysosomes and digested

73
Q

Describe phagocytosis

A 
The cell engulfs large solid particles:
• Psudopods surround the particles
• Forms the phagosome
• Phagosomes are surrounded by lysosomes
• Particle is digested
74
Q

What carries out phagocytosis?

A
  • Macrophages

* Neutrophils

75
Q

What is bulk-phase endocytosis also known as?

A

• Also called pinocytosis

76
Q

Describe bulk-phase endocytosis

A

Droplets of ECF are brought into the cell:
• Membrane forms vesicles
• Vesicles are surrounded by lysosomes
• Contents are digested

77
Q

Does exocytosis release or receive materials?

A

Releases materials from the cell

78
Q

What cells carry out exocytosis?

A 
1. Secretory cells, secrete:
• Hormones
• Enzymes
• Mucus
• Sweat
  1. Neurons, secrete:
    • Neurotransmitters
79
Q

What do secretory cells secrete?

A
  • Secretory cells, secrete:
  • Hormones
  • Enzymes
  • Mucus
  • Sweat
80
Q

What do neurons secrete?

A
  • Neurons, secrete:

* Neurotransmitters

81
Q

How does exocytosis work?

A

• Membrane-enclosed vesicles within the cytoplasm fuse to the membrane and
release the contents into the ECF

82
Q

How are nutrients absorbed in the intestines into the blood?

A

The Transcytosis

Used by the cell to move substances in, across, and then out of the cell

A&P After Midterm Saint (8 decks)

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