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A&P After Midterm Saint > Nervous tissue > Flashcards

Nervous tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 basic functions of the Nervous System

A
  1. Sensory function:
    • Sensory receptors send nerve impulses into a control center about the external and internal environment
  2. Integrative function:
    • Processing and analyzing the inputs from receptors to generate appropriate responses
  3. Motor function:
    • Eliciting and activating the proper effectors to execute the responses
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2
Q

What are the 2 portions of the Organization of the Nervous System

A
  1. Central Nervous System (CNS)
    • Brain
    • Spinal cord
2. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
• All nervous structures outside the CNS
• Receptors
• Nerves
• Ganglia
• Plexuses
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3
Q

What is the Sensory function of the nervous system

A

• Sensory receptors send nerve impulses into a control center about the external and internal environment

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4
Q

What is the Integrative function of the nervous system

A

• Processing and analyzing the inputs from receptors to generate appropriate responses

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5
Q

What is the Motor function of the nervous system

A

• Eliciting and activating the proper effectors to execute the responses

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6
Q

The Nervous Tissue

Consists of two main types of cells:

A
  1. Neurons: the cells in the body capable of generating and transmitting the nerve impulses. Neurons do not multiply
  2. Neuroglia have supportive functions to the neuron, can multiply, do not generate or transmit nerve impulses,
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7
Q

Do Neurons multiply

A

No

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8
Q

Do Neuroglia multiply

A

Yes

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9
Q

The Neuron Consists of Three Basic Parts:

A
  1. Neuron body
    • Nucleus and organelles
  2. Dendrites
    • Multiple short, branched
    extensions from the body
    • Input portion of the neuron
  3. Axon
    • Single, long cylindrical
    prolongation
    • Output portion of the neuron
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10
Q

What is the Input portion of the neuron

A

Dendrites

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11
Q

What is the Output portion of the neuron

A

Axon

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12
Q

What is Electrical excitability

A

Electrical excitability is the ability to respond to stimuli by producing electrical signals such as action potentials

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13
Q

What is Action potentials

A

Action potentials can propagate along the plasma membrane allowing communication with other cells: neuron, muscle cell, or gland

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14
Q

What does Action potentials do in the muscle cell

A

The action potential causes the muscle cell to contract

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15
Q

The production of action potentials in a cell depends on what two basic features

A
  1. The existence of a resting membrane potential

2. The presence of specific types of ion channels in the membrane

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16
Q

The inside surface of the membrane is more Positively charged than the outside surface. True Or False

A

False

The inside surface of the membrane is more negatively charged than the outside surface.

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17
Q

What is the membrane potential

A

The difference in electric potential between the interior and the exterior of a biological cell.

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18
Q

In neurons, the resting membrane potential ranges from ________

A

-40 to -90 mV

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19
Q

Typically, the resting membrane potential of the neuron is_______

A

About -70mV

20
Q

what is a AP and what does it do

A

An AP (The Action Potential) consists of a sequence of rapidly occurring events triggered by a strong enough stimulus applied to the plasma membrane that:
• Decreases and Reverses the membrane potential
and
• Eventually, restores the membrane potential to its resting state

21
Q

The Action Potential has two Phases:

A
  1. Depolarizing phase:
    • Membrane is less negative
    • Reaches zero
    • Becomes positive
  2. Repolarizing phase:
    • Membrane potential is
    restored to -70mV
22
Q

An AP occurs only when the depolarization of the membrane by the stimulus reaches the threshold. What is that threshold?

A

A value of about -55mV

23
Q

The AP either occurs completely or does not occur at all, this is called the_________

A

all-or-none principle

24
Q

How does an AP arises?

A

The stimulus causes a brief increase in the number of open Na+ channels.
• Na+, which are at high concentration in the outside, rush into the cytoplasm
leaving their negative “partner” (Cl-) behind on the outside
• Na+ rushes in fast enough to overwhelm the K+ moving out.
• Then, the inside of the cell is inundated with positive charges, which reverses
the polarity that normally is negative in the inside.

25
Q

During AP the cell is inundated with positive charges, which reverses the polarity that normally is negative in the inside. With now, the inside is positive and the outside is negative. What is this called?

A

Depolarization

26
Q

What happens in the The Repolarization Phase

A

The Na+ channels close and extra K+ channels open:
K+ moves out fast, making the membrane potential even more negative in the inside than it was at rest.

Finally, the extra K+ channels close: The membrane permeability returns to its resting condition: “positive outside and negative inside”

27
Q

What does the sodium-potassium pump do During the Repolarizing Phase?

A

The sodium-potassium pump will re-establish the required sodium-potassium concentrations on both sides of the membrane

28
Q

What is the The Refractory Period?

A

Immediately after an AP was triggered, the membrane cannot generate another AP for a brief period of time
This brief period of time is called the Refractory Period

29
Q

What is the The Absolute Refractory Period?

A

At threshold level, a regular additional stimulus will not produce an additional action potential
This is called the Absolute Refractory Period

30
Q

What is the The Relative Refractory Period?

A

Before the Re-polarization phase has occurred, one larger than usual second stimulus may trigger a second AP
This period of time is called the Relative Refractory Period

31
Q

To very rapid conduction velocities, in very narrow axons and at the body’s set temperature what are required!

A

the myelin sheaths are required

32
Q

What is saltatory conduction

A

Saltatory conduction describes the way an electrical impulse skips from node to node down the full length of an axon

33
Q

What do the Schwann cells form?

A

The myelin sheaths

34
Q

What do the myelin sheaths Do?

A

wrap around and insulate the axon from the extracellular fluid

35
Q

What are the nodes of Ranvier

A

The myelin sheaths are broken at intervals called the nodes of Ranvier

36
Q

The synapse is the place where certain impulses may be transmitted _______, while others may be _______

A

The synapse is the place where certain impulses may be transmitted FORWARD, while others may be BLOCKED

37
Q

The Connecting Place in the Synapse is Called the

___________

A

Synaptic Cleft

38
Q

What are the Three Common Types of Synapses

A
  1. Axoaxonic: from axon to axon
  2. Axodendritic: from axon to dendrite
  3. Axosomatic: from axon to neuron body
39
Q

There are two types of synapses in the body:

A
  1. Electrical

2. Chemical

40
Q

What kind of transmission are the Electrical synapses

A

The transmission of the impulse is purely electrical

41
Q

how do Electrical Synapses transmit impulses?

A

The synaptic cleft contains gap junctions connecting the cytosols of the two cells
So, ions may flow freely from one cell to the other

42
Q

Are Electric Synapses slower or faster then Chemical Synapses?

A

Electrical are faster communication than the chemical synapses

43
Q

Which are more common in the body Electric Synapses or Chemical Synapses?

A

The Chemical Synapses Occur more often in our body

44
Q

How do Chemical Synapses work

A

The plasma membranes do not actually touch each other

They operate by releasing a chemical called the Neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft

45
Q

What are Neurotransmitter

A

A neurotransmitter is a chemical messenger that carries, boosts, and balances signals between neurons (also known as nerve cells) and target cells throughout the body. These target cells may be in glands, muscles, or other neurons.

A&P After Midterm Saint (8 decks)

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