Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ANIMAL > Axial & Appendicular Skeleton (W3) > Flashcards

Axial & Appendicular Skeleton (W3) Flashcards

1
Q

Axial skeleton?

A

= skeleton that forms the anterioposterior (A/P) axis of the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Axial skeleton components? (4)

A

• Vertebrae.
• Ribs.
• Sternum.
• Skull.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Axial skeleton functions? (3)

A

• Support the body trunk.
• Provides a cater for locomotory musculature.
• Protects the organs, esp. the spinal cord.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Vertebrae anatomy? (5)

A

• Neural spine.
• Zygapophysis.
• Neural canal.
• Transverse process.
• Centrum.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Explain the neural spine analogue? (3)

A

Suspension bridge where:
- neural spines = piers of suspension bridge.
- spines resist compression.
- muscles + ligaments resist tension.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Neural spine functions? (3)

A

• To form a roof over the neural tube (spinal tube).

• To act as an attachment point for the epaxial musculature.

• To provide support in the axial column, head & tail.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Pro of tall neural spines?

A

Increased weight-bearing efficiency.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Zygapophysis function?

A

• Connects adjacent vertebrae.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

2 types of zygapophysis?

A

• Prezygapophysis.
• Postzygapophysis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Prezygapophysis?

A

= projects anteriorly & faces up.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Postzygapophysis?

A

= projects posteriorly & faces down.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does zygapophyseal orientation affect? (3)

A

• Neck movement.
• Range of motion.
• Posture.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Transverse process?

A

= bone components that extend laterally from the base of a neural arch or centrum.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Transverse process function?

A

• To separate the epaxial muscles & hyaxial muscles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Transverse process component?

A

Diapophysis of transverse process.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Diapophysis function?

A

• To act as an attachment point for the dorsal rib head (tuberculum).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Centrum function?

A

• To forms the body of the vertebrae.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Centrum?

A

= the structure that contains what is left of the notochord.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Centrum types/shapes? (5) HOPA²

A

• Heterocoelus centra.
• Ophisthocoelus centra.
• Procoelus centra.
• Acoelus centra.
• Amphicoelus centra.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Heterocoelus centra?

A

= centra with weird, saddle-shaped vertebral articulations.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Organisms that have heterocoelus centra?

A

Birds.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Pro of Heterocoelus centra?

A

Good flexibility.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Con of Heterocoelus centra?

A

Resistant to torsion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Opisthocoelus centra?

A

= centra where the anterior surface is convex( & the posterior side is concave ).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Organisms with opistocoelus centra?

A

Salamanders.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Pro of Opisthocoelus centra?

A

Good flexibility.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Procoelus centra?

A

= centra where the anterior side is hollow & the posterior side is convex.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Organisms with Procoelus centra? (2)

A

• Frogs.
• Most lizards.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Pro of Procoelus centra?

A

Improved flexibility.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Acoelus centra?

A

= vertebral centra that are flat on both ends.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Organisms with Acoelus centra?

A

Mammals.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Pro of Acoelus centra?

A

Resists compression well.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Amphicoelus centra?

A

= where both sides of the vertebral centrum have a cavity/hole.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Organisms with Amphicoelus centra?

A

Fish.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Pro of Amphicoelus centra?

A

Good flexibility in all directions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Con of Amphicoelus centra?

A

Poor compressional strength.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Relate osteoporosis & centra.

A

In “codfish vertebrae” = sign of reduced bone mass.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Neural canal?

A

= canal containing the spinal cord within the vertebral column.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Functions of neural canal? (2)

A

• Supports the spinal cord.

• Protects/Houses the spinal cord.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Analogy of neural canal?

A

Cranium.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Vertebral regionalization/major regions of the vertebral column [top to bottom]? (5)

A

• Cervical.
• Thoracic.
• Lumbar.
• Sacral.
• Caudal.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Cervical vertebrae=?

A

Neck.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Thoracic vertebrae=? (2)

A

• Back.
• Forelimb.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Lumbar vertebrae=?

A

Lower back.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Sacral vertebrae=?

A

Hips.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Caudal vertebrae=?

A

Tail.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Vertebrae become more specialized in tetrapods (mammals).

True or False?

A

True.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Rib components? (2)

A

• Cartilaginous part (attaching to sternum).
• Bony part.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

3 functions of Ribs?

A

• To provides attachment for the axial & appendicular muscles.
• Supports the body wall.
• Enables breathing.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Basic rib anatomy? (3)

A

• Head (capitulum).
• Tubercle (tuberculum).
• Shaft (shaft).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Modification of the ribs: Birds?

A

Since birds don’t have a diaphragm and only breathe with their ribs, the uncinate processes exist to provide additional attachment for the intercostal muscles & help them expand and compress their chest.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Which part is important in fish regarding the modification of ribs?

A

Weberian apparatus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Axial skeleton embryology steps? (6)

A

● Mesoderm in the somites differentiates into the dermamyotome & sclerotome.

● The sclerotome migrates to the notochord & becomes endochondral bone that forms the vertebrae and ribs.

● The dermamyotome becomes muscle & dermis.

● Each vertebrae is then formed from the sclerotome from the anterior & posterior half of the somite

● The musculature is formed from the same somite (but from the dermamyotome).

● This allows the muscles to attach between the vertebrae.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What does dermamyotome become? (2)

A

Becomes muscle & dermis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What does sclerotome become? (2)

A

Becomes endochondral bone (vertebrae & ribs).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

How do dermamyotome & sclerotome connect?

A

Since musculature is formed from the dermamyotome & vertebrae is formed from the sclerotome this allows the muscles to attach btwn the vertebrae.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Regarding vertebral evolution, what was the earliest element to appear?

A

Poorly ossified neural spines.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Layout the vertebral evolution for me? (4)

A

Earliest fish
(Haikouichthys = China)
||
Basal gnathostomes
(Sharks + Rays = complete vertebral column)
||
Bony fish
(Most = fully ossified centra)
||
Earliest tetrapods
(Fully ossified centra + other vertebral components)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Appendicular skeleton components? (2)

A

• Limb girdles.
• Limbs/Fins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Appendicular skeleton function?

A

Helps facilitate movement.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Egs of vertebrates that have little or no appendicular skeleton? (3)

A

• Snakes.
• Whales.
• Agnathans.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Limb girdle types? (2)

A

• Pectoral girdle.
• Pelvic girdle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Limb girdle function?

A

To link limbs to the axial skeleton.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

What does the pectoral girdle do?

A

Supports the pectoral fin/forelimb.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

What is the pectoral girdle comprised of? (2)

A

• Endochondral bones.
• Dermal bones.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

What makes up endochondral bones? (3)

A

• Coracoid.
• Scapula.
• Suprascapula.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

What makes up dermal/ intramembranous bones? (4)

A

• Clavicle.
• Cleithrum.
• Post-temporal.
• Supracleithrum.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

Explain the evolution of the pectoral girdle.

A

As vertebrates adapted to life on land, they reduced the dermal pectoral girdle & enlarged the endochondral pectoral girdle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

What does the pelvic girdle do?

A

Supports the pelvic fin/hind limb.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

What is the pelvic girdle comprised of? (1)

A

Endochondral bones only.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

What are the endochondral bones of the pelvic girdle made of? (3)

A

• Ilium.
• Pubis.
• Iscium.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

Pelvic girdle on male sharks?

A

= modified into a pair of claspers for gripping females.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

Limbs?

A

= appendages with well-defined joints that bear digits at their ends.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

Limbs function?

A

To supports the body off the ground (most tetrapods).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

Limb types? (2)

A

• Pectoral limb.
• Pelvic limb.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

What does the pectoral limb do?

A

Controls the direction of movement.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

Limb parts regions? (3)

A

• Proximal region.
• Middle region.
• Distal region.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

Limb bone directionality for:

Radius? (2)

A

• thumb side (digit I).
• medial in vertebrates.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

Limb bone directionality for:

Ulna? (2)

A

• pinky side (digit V).
• lateral in vertebrates.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

Limb bone directionality for:

Tibia? (2)

A

• big toe side.
• medial in vertebrates.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

Limb bone directionality for:

Fibula? (2)

A

• little toe side.
• lateral in vertebrates.

82
Q

What theory explains where limbs come from according to science?

A

Fin-fold theory.

83
Q

Fins?

A

= appendages that have homologous components with limbs.

84
Q

2 types of fins?

A

• Monobasic.
• Tribasic.

85
Q

Monobasic fins?

A

= fins that have one proximal segment.

86
Q

Tribasic fins?

A

= fins that have 3 proximal segments
(humerus + ulna + radius).

87
Q

Fin-fold theory? (3)

A

States that:

• Paired continuous folds were present along the ventrolateral body wall of an early craniate.

• Fin-folds were stiffened with endoskeletal elements.

• Fin-folds were reduced to smaller paired units, anterior and posterior.

88
Q

Evidence for the Fin-fold theory? (3)

A

• Haikouichthys.
• Sharks.
• Acanthodiians.

89
Q

Why was Haikouichthys evidence of Fin-fold theory?

A

Showed that Haikouichthys was the earliest fish that had similar folds.

90
Q

Explain the evolution of the digits? (3)

A

● Began as branched structures off monobasic fin.

● Major axis of fin then began to hook from posterior to anterior (OR from lateral to medial).

● Branches thus oriented distally as protodigits.

91
Q

2 things to note on the special anatomy of the limbs?

A

• Each limb bone has a detailed anatomical nomenclature that describes its parts.

• Features of each limb bone are functionally & phylogenetically important.

92
Q

Special anatomy of which limbs? (8)

A

• Humerus.
• Ulna.
• Carpus.
• Manus.
• Femur.
• Tibia.
• Tarsus.
• Pes.

93
Q

Humerus anatomy? (3)

A

• Head.
• Deltopectoral crest.
• Distal condyles.

94
Q

Humeral head function?

A

Articulates with the pectoral girdle.

95
Q

Ulna anatomy? (1)

A

• Olecranon process.

96
Q

Singular of phalanges?

A

Phalanx.

97
Q

Carpus anatomy? (1)

A

• Carpals.

98
Q

Carpals? (2)

A

• wrist bones.
• proximal & distal layers.

99
Q

Femur anatomy? (3)

A

• Head.
• Greater trochanter.
• Distal condyles.

100
Q

Pes anatomy? (2)

A

• Calcaneum.
• Hallux.

101
Q

Tibia anatomy? (2)

A

• Tibial condyles.
• Medial malleolus.

101
Q

Tibial condyles function?

A

Confusingly articulates with the distal condyles of the femur.

102
Q

Medial malleolus function?

A

A medial “ankle bump” that forms the key ankle to big toe articulation.

103
Q

Tarsus anatomy? (1)

A

• Talus (astragalus).

104
Q

Astragalus?

A

= primary ankle bone of tarsus.

105
Q

Modifications of? (4)

A

• Forelimb for flight.
• Forelimb for digging.
• Forelimb for aquatic locomotion.
• Pes.

106
Q

Modifications of the forelimb for flight (attributes)? (4)

A

• Thin stylopod (humerus).
• Elongated zeugopod (forearm).
• Reduction/fusion of carpal bones.
• Elongated autopod (metacarpals & phalanges).

107
Q

Modifications of the forelimb for digging (attributes)? (3)

A

• Short, robust stylopod.
• Enlarged olecranon process.
• Short, broad autopod with enlarged unguals.

108
Q

Modifications of the forelimb for aquatic locomotion (attributes)? (3)

A

• Short, robust stylopod.
• Short, robust zeugopod.
• Polydactyly/polyphalangy.

109
Q

Modifications of the Pes?

A

Differences seen among Amphibians, Lizards, Chicken, Fossil horse, Modern horse, Cats & Humans.

110
Q

Zyga =?

A

Yoke which means connection.

111
Q

Tuberculum?

A

= the dorsal rib head.

112
Q

Centrum constituent?

A

Contains what’s left of the notochord

113
Q

Impact of centrum shape?

A

Changes the functional anatomy in different animals/animal groups.

114
Q

Acoelous breakdown?

A

• “A” = without.
• “coel” = cavity.

115
Q

Amphicoelus breakdown?

A

• “Amphi” = both.
• “coel” = cavity.

116
Q

Procoelus breakdown?

A

• “Pro” = foremost.
• “coel” = cavity.

117
Q

Opisthocoelus breakdown?

A

• “Opistho” = opposite.
• “coel” = cavity.

118
Q

Heterocoelus breakdown?

A

• “Hetero” = different.
• “coel” = cavity.

119
Q

Axis & Atlas regionalization?

A

Atlas is on top of the axis.

120
Q

Atlas function?

A

To support the weight of the skull.

121
Q

3 things to note regarding atlas development/modification?

A

• Loses the zygapophysis.
• Loses the neural spine.
• Transverse process is reduced.

122
Q

Axis function?

A

Allows the atlas to spin on it.

123
Q

2 things to note regarding axis development/modification?

A

• Has expanded neural arch.
• Consists of the dens (enables atlas movement).

124
Q

Dens?

A

= rod of bone that enables the atlas to turn.

125
Q

Vertebral regionalization in a dinosaur? (3)

A

• Cervical vertebrae (neck).
• Dorsal vertebrae (back).
• Sacral vertebrae (hips).

126
Q

Cervical vertebrae in dinosaurs feature?

A

Short neural spines.

127
Q

Dorsal vertebrae in dinosaurs feature?

A

Long neural spines.

128
Q

Sacral vertebrae in dinosaurs feature?

A

Sacrum are fused.

129
Q

Vertebral regionalization in pterosaurs & birds? (2)

A

• Notarium.
• Synsacrum.

130
Q

Notarium?

A

= fused vertebrae in the shoulders of some species of birds & pterosaurs.

131
Q

Synsacrum?

A

= solidly fused series of vertebrae in the pelvic region in birds, dinosaurs & pterosaurs.

132
Q

Modification of the ribs: Reptiles (Draco volans)?

A

Have loose, flexible ribs that open up to form skin flaps & enable Draco volans to glide.

133
Q

Modifications of the ribs: Fish?

A

Have Weberian apparatus where the ribs are attached to the inner ear to enable fish to sense danger & predators through being sensitive to underwater vibrations.

134
Q

Weberian apparatus?

A

= structure connecting the swim bladder to the auditory system in fishes.

135
Q

3 Rib types?

A

• True ribs.
• False ribs.
• Floating ribs.

136
Q

True ribs?

A

= ribs that attach directly to the sternum (1-7).

137
Q

False ribs?

A

= ribs that attach to the 7th costal cartilage (8-10).

138
Q

Floating ribs?

A

= ribs 11-12.

139
Q

Vertebral evolution: Basal gnathostomes?

A
140
Q

Vertebral evolution: Bony fish? [BEFORE] (2)

A

• Ossified neural arches & heamel arches.
• No bony centra.

141
Q

Vertebral evolution: Bony fish? [AFTER]

A

Developed to fully ossified centra.

142
Q

Eg of today’s bony fish?

A

Sturgeon.

143
Q

Vertebral evolution: Tetrapods? [BEFORE]

A

Fully ossified centra & other vertebral components.

144
Q

Centra in early tetrapods divisions? (2)

A

• Pleurocentrum.
• Intercentrum.

145
Q

Vertebral evolution: Tetrapods? [AFTER]

A

Fully ossified centra where pleurocentrum was emphasized & intercentrum was lost/reduced.

146
Q

Things to note about vertebral evolution? (4)

A

● Ossification of vertebrae starts with neural & haemal arches.

● Notochord = main support of axial column.

● Ossified or cartilaginous centra appear independently in chondrichthyans, teleost fish & tetrapods.

● In early tetrapods, centra divided into pleurocentrum & intercentrum, showing that the centra develop from separate somites.

147
Q

Tbx role?

A

= formation of limbs (embryonic development).

148
Q

Tbx4 role?

A

= hind-limb formation.

149
Q

Tbx5 role?

A

= forelimb formation.

150
Q

SHH role?

A

= provides instructions for making a protein called Sonic Hedgehog.

151
Q

Knee-cap description in terms of bone?

A

= pseudobone.

152
Q

What are dermal bones associated with?

A

Associated with the skull.

153
Q

What are endochondral bones associated with?

A

Associated with the humerus.

154
Q

Describe fishes in terms of the pectoral girdle? (3)

A

• Prominent dermal bones.
• Dermal bones are attached to the head.
• Intramembranous ossification.

155
Q

Describe tetrapods in terms of pectoral girdle?

A

Have prominent endochondral bones.

156
Q

Ilium?

A

= dorsal bone of the pelvis.

157
Q

Pubis?

A

= anterior ventral bone of the pelvis.

158
Q

Ischium?

A

= posterior ventral bone of the pelvis.

159
Q

Explain the evolution of the pelvic girdle?

A
160
Q

General function of limbs/fins?

A

Allows for specialized locomotion.

161
Q

What does the pelvic limb do?

A

It produces most of locomotor force.

162
Q

Components of the limb? (2)

A

• Forelimb.
• Hindlimb.

163
Q

Forelimb is made up of? (5)

A

• Humerus.
• Radius.
• Ulna.
• Carpus.
• Manus.

164
Q

Hindlimb is made up of? (5)

A

• Femur.
• Tibia.
• Fibula.
• Tarsus.
• Pes.

165
Q

Proximal region of the limb=?

A

Stylopodium.

166
Q

Middle region of the limb=?

A

Zeugopodium.

167
Q

Distal region of the limb=?

A

Autopodium.

168
Q

Stylopodium consists of? (2)

A

• Humerus.
• Femur.

169
Q

Zeugopodium consists of? (4)

A

• Ulna.
• Radius.
• Fibula.
• Tibia.

170
Q

Autopodium consists of? (4)

A

• Carpals.
• Tarsals.
• Manus.
• Pes.

171
Q

Carpals?

A

= wrist bones.

172
Q

Tarsals?

A

= ankle bones.

173
Q

Manus?

A

= hand bones.

174
Q

Pes?

A

= foot bones.

175
Q

Why were Sharks evidence of the Fin-fold theory?

A

They have pectoral & pelvic fins that develop from a continuous band of ectoderm.

176
Q

Why were Acanthodiians evidence for the Fin-fold theory?

A

They have a series of fins or fin-folds in the right places.

177
Q

Explain the Genetic model for Fin-fold theory? (3)

A

● Early craniate expresses Tbx & engrailed-1 along the fin-fold, establishing the D/V axis.

● Tbx duplicates & evolves into Tbx4 & Tbx5, which allow differentiation of A/P morphology.

● Engrailed-1 changes function to inhibit fins in the middle, while Shh & FGF establish P/D and A/P axes within separate fins.

178
Q

Person who discovered monobasic fins?

A

Miss Courtenay-Latimer.

179
Q

Eg of organism with Monobasic fins?

A

Sarcopterygians.

180
Q

Eg of organisms with Tribasic fins?

A

Most fishes.

181
Q

Deltopectoral crest function?

A

Acts as a muscle attachment that is anterior & distal to head.

182
Q

Distal condyles function?

A

Articulates with the radius & ulna.

183
Q

Olecranon process?

A

= attachment site for the triceps muscles that points posteriorly.

184
Q

Manus anatomy? (4)

A

• Metacarpals.
• Phalanges.
• Unguals.
• Pollex.

185
Q

Metacarpals?

A

= hand carpals.

186
Q

Phalanges?

A

= finger bones.

187
Q

Unguals?

A

= claws/ distalmost finger bones.

188
Q

Pollex?

A

= thumb/digit I.

189
Q

Femoral head function?

A

Articulates with the acetabulum of the pelvic girdle.

190
Q

Greater trochanter function?

A

To act as a muscle attachment site for femoral retractors.

191
Q

Distal condyles of femur function?

A

Articulates the tibia & fibula at the knee joint.

192
Q

Calcaneum?

A

= forms the heel (in humans).

193
Q

Hallux?

A

= big toe.

194
Q

Eg of forelimb modification for flight?

A

Comparison between Birds, Pterosaurs & Bats.

195
Q

Eg of forelimb modification for digging?

A

Comparison between Pangolin & Mole.

196
Q

Eg of forelimb modification for aquatic locomotion?

A

Comparison between Whales & Ichthyosaur.

197
Q

Eg of pes modification?

A

Comparison between Artiodactyls & Perissodactyls.

198
Q

Artiodactyls?

A

= mammals that have an even number of digits on each foot.

199
Q

Perissodactyls?

A

= mammals that have an odd number of digits on each foot.

200
Q

Egs of Artiodactyls? (3)

A

• Deer.
• Cattle.
• Camels.

201
Q

Egs of Perissodactyls? (3)

A

• Horses.
• Zebras.
• Rhinos.

ANIMAL (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions