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Social Influence Flashcards

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1
Q

Explanation for obedience: Milgrams study

Why did Milgram conduct the study

A

After WW2, everyone was confused how the Nazis killed so many innocent people

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2
Q

What was Milgrams hypothesis

A

Germans are a more obedient race than others

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3
Q

Method for Milgrams study

A
  • Learner had to recall word pairs
  • If learner got a word pair wrong, the Teacher(participant) had to electrocute them
  • Every word pair the learner failed to recall, the shock went up 15 volts
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4
Q

Results for Milgrams study (quantitative)

Results (qualitative)

A

Quantitative= - 65% Completed all shocks (to maximum voltage)

Qualitative= - Observe behaviour
- Ask the participants

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5
Q

Conclusion from Milgrams study at Yale university in USA

A

Participants will obey instructions even if they’re immoral, and may harm another individual

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6
Q

Conclusion from milgrams study in other countries

A

Humans in general are an obedient race

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7
Q

Was Milgrams study too unethical? What qualitative insights did Milgram obtain after?

A

Milgram asked the participants;

  • 83.7% were glad they took part
  • 74% stated they learned something from experiment
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8
Q

Evaluation of Milgrams study

A
  • Participants put under stress. LIMITATION, participants were not protected from harm, unethical
  • Participants were deceived. LIMITATION, unable to give informed consent, unethical
  • Artificial setting. LIMITATION, lacks ecological validity
  • Only Male participants. LIMITATION, research cannot be generalised
  • Participants were prompted to continue. LIMITATION, denied the right to withdraw, unethical
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9
Q

5 Milgrams variations

A

1) Location
2) Proximity
3) Uniform
4) Another individual administering shock
5) Social support

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10
Q

How did location vary in Milgram study

Affect on obedience

Why

A
  • From prestigious university to old warehouse
  • Obedience went down from 65%
  • Due to legitimacy of authority decreased
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11
Q

How did proximity vary in Milgram study

Affect on obedience

Why

A
  • Teacher(participant) went from different rooms to physically forcing learners hand on to shock plate
  • Obedience decreased
  • Due to more personal responsibility
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12
Q

How did uniform vary in Milgrams study

Affect on obedience

Why

A
  • Experimenter wore jeans instead of a lab coat
  • Obedience decreased
  • Due to legitimacy of authority decreasing
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13
Q

How did another individual administering the shock vary in Milgrams study

Affect on obedience

Why

A
  • Teacher(participant) told another individual to shock the learner over the phone.
  • Obedience Increased
  • Due to less personal responsibility
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14
Q

How did social support vary in Milgrams study

Affect on obedience

Why

A
  • There were two “teachers”, one was a stooge. Stooge was told to refuse to obey
  • Obedience decreased
  • Due to conformity- presence of others influences participants behaviour
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15
Q

What’s an agentic state

A

Individuals see themselves as acting as an agent for an authority figure, therefore not responsible for personal behaviour

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16
Q

Hofling study (1966) on agentic state

Method, results and conclusion

A

Method= Nurses instructed over phone by a “Dr Smith” to give a drug to a patient, exceeding max dose, going against hospital protocol

Results= Nurses replies: - “I was doing what the Dr told me”
- “Not my responsibility if something bad happens”

  • Conclusion= They’ll obey if they’re in an agentic state
17
Q

Describe the dispositional explanation for obedience to authority (authoritarian personality), what are the main 3 characteristics?

A
  • Hostile to those of lower status
  • Blind respect for authority
  • Pre occupation with power
18
Q

Elms study (1966) on authoritarian personality

Method, results and conclusion

A
  • Method= Follow-up on Milgrams study. 20 ‘obedient’ and 20 ‘defiant’ participants took the F-scale
  • Results= ‘Obedient’ participants were more authoritarian, than ‘defiant’ participants
  • Conclusion= Obedient people have an authoritarian personality
19
Q

Explain one limitation of authoritarian personality as an explanation of obedience

A
  • Authoritarian personality is measured by the F-scale, which is low in validity
20
Q

Three factors to resisting social influence

A

1) Social support
2) Role models
3) Personal experience

Also type of locus of control is an explanation for resisting social influence

21
Q

What effect did social support have on the obedience in Milgrams experiment

A
  • Made level of obedience decrease
22
Q

What’s locus of control

A

The sense an individual has about what directs events in life

23
Q

What’s Internal locus of control

A

An individual is responsible for what happens

24
Q

What’s External locus of control

A

Outside forces such as luck are responsible for what happens

25
Q

Which of the two types of LOC is most resistant to influences such as conformity and obedience? What are the two possible reasons for this (2 marks)

A
  • Internal LOC is more resistant to influences such as conformity and obedience as that person would be more self-confident, with less need for social approval
  • Also, their decisions will be based more on personal beliefs, therefore resistant to pressures from others
26
Q

Shute study (1975) study into LOC

Method, results, conclusion

A
  • Method= Students exposed to others who expressed a pro-drug attitude. They were then asked for their attitudes towards drugs
  • Results= Those with Internal LOC expressed fewer pro-drug feelings, as students LOC was tested before-hand
  • Conclusion= Conformity was resisted by people with Internal LOC
27
Q

Moscovici study for minority influence (consistency)

Method with 3 conditions

A
  • Method= Participants put into groups of 6. 2 of whom were stooges. All were shown 36 blue slides of varied shades.
  • Condition 1= Consistent Condition. Stooges answered incorrectly that slides were green
  • Condition 2= Inconsistent Condition. Stooges said some were green some were blue
  • Condition 3= Control Condition. No incorrect answers were given
28
Q

Results for Moscovici study

A
  • Results= Control Condition, very low conformity.
  • Inconsistent Condition, bit higher conformity, also low.
  • Consistent condition, very high in conformity.
29
Q

Conclusion for moscovici study

A

Consistency is am important factor for minority influence

30
Q

The 3 factors to help achieve minority influence

Describe what they are

A

Consistency= Doing/saying the same thing over time

Commitment= Showing self-sacrifice

Flexibility= Being moderate, co-operative, reasonable and open to discussion

psychology (16 decks)

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