Counseling Families, Diagnosis, Neurocounseling, and Advanced Concepts

Question 1

The first DSM was released in ______ with approximately 100 diagnostic categories.

Pg. 535

Answer 1

1952

Question 2

The DSM-5 sets diagnostic criteria, while the ICD-10 provides __________.

Pg. 539

Answer 2

billing codes

Question 3

________ of a formal diagnosis:

• The DSM is the most popular diagnostic system for counselors.
• It gives counselors a shared language to communicate with other practitioners, clients, families, and the health system.
• Putting a label on a person’s condition/behavior can sometimes be a good thing. The client might feel better knowing they are not the only person with a given condition. Family and friends might be more compassionate towards the person.

Pg. 539

Answer 3

Benefits

Question 4

________ of a formal diagnosis:

• The diagnosis becomes a part of the client’s identification (e.g., “I can’t help it, I suffer from ADHD”)
• Diagnostic labels make the client feel like the difficulty is outside their control and therefore, they are not responsible for various behaviors and could become the scapegoat for family problems or coddled and not allowed to be independent.

Pg. 539

Answer 4

negative factors

Question 5

_________ focuses on the science of brain function, and the nervous system rather than just overt behavior.

Pg. 540

Answer 5

neuroscience

Question 6

_________ or the concept that the human brain can change and new neural connections can be made even in later life regardless of our genetics or life experience. It’s as if the brain is rewiring itself.

Pg. 540

Answer 6

neuroplasticity

Question 7

_________ suggests that new neurons can be formed.

Pg. 540

Answer 7

neurogenesis

Question 8

Counseling techniques that focus too much on the ________ can have an undesirable impact by influencing the interaction between the amygdala and the frontal cortes. __________ does roughly the opposite and can increase serotonin, ergo positive thoughts, just like prescription antidepressants.

Pg. 540

Answer 8

negative; cognitive therapy or reframing

Question 9

901

A married couple brings their two children to counseling for behavioral problems. The 14-year-old daughter stays out late and their 17-year-old son is using drugs. According to most marriage and family therapists the identified patient would be __________.

Pg. 542

Answer 9

the family

**the entire family is the identified patient and in need of treatment

Question 10

According to ethics guidelines counselors must not disclose information about one family member in counseling to another without _________.

Pg. 542

Answer 10

prior consent

Question 11

Counselors should ________ in sexual or romantic relationships with current student or supervisees. Likewise for sexual harassment. This refers to in-person AND electronic relationships.

Pg. 543

Answer 11

never engage

Question 12

904

The fastest growing clientele for professional counselors are persons __________.

Pg. 543

Answer 12

experiencing marriage and family problems

Question 13

905

Family counselors generally believe in _________.

Pg. 544

Answer 13

circular/reciprocal causality (e.g., dynamics of family members)

Question 14

________ is where you assume A causes B. For example, a person was physically abused as a child and so now that person becomes an abusive parent. This concept is generally accepted as valid in individual counseling; however, marriage and family therapist usually prefer the notion of circular causality.

Pg. 544

Answer 14

linear causality

Question 15

In _________, the belief is that everybody is influencing everybody else and the problem resides in the family rather than a given individual.

Pg. 544

Answer 15

circular causality

Question 16

________ was pioneered in the early 1940s and named by Norbert Wiener. In family therapy, __________ suggests that the family has feedback loops to self-correct a family system.

Pg. 545

Answer 16

cybernetics; cybernetics

Question 17

907

A family that is stable and reaches an equilibrium is in a state of __________.

Pg. 545

Answer 17

homeostasis

**refers to maintaining a balanced state. Not always good!

Question 18

908

Adaptability is the ability of the family to balance ________.

Pg. 546

Answer 18

stability and change & morphostasis (family’s ability to balance stability) and morphogenesis (family’s ability to change)

Question 19

909

A family wants to see you for counseling; however, they have a very limited income and can’t afford to pay. You therefore agree to see the family for free (i.e., pro bono). The term that best describes your actions would be ________.

Pg. 546

Answer 19

aspirational ethics

**the answer to this question would be the same whether the question was asking about individual, group, or family treatments.

Question 20

mandatory ethics is also referred to as _________.

Pg. 546

Answer 20

standards of practice

Question 21

910

Experiential conjoint family therapy is closely related to the work of __________.

Pg. 547

Answer 21

Virginia Satir

**the term “conjoint” means two or more family members are in the therapy session at the same time

Question 22

911

Virginia Satir felt that a major goal of therapy was to improve intrafamily communication (i.e., communication between family members). According to Satir, four basic patterns prevented good communication under stress. These defensive postures or stress positions are: ___________.

Pg. 547

Answer 22

placating, blaming, being overly reasonable, and being irrelevant

Question 23

Placating means ___________.

Pg. 547

Answer 23

you try to please everybody out of a fear of rejection

Question 24

912

The placater is a people pleaser under stress while the blamer _________.

Pg. 548

Answer 24

will sacrifice others to feel good about themself

will often say “if it weren’t for you…”

will point the finger at others to avoid dealing with their own issues

Question 25

913

The person who becomes overly reasonable _________.

Pg. 548

Answer 25

is likely to engage in the defense mechanism of intellectualization (over analyze the situation more than most)

Question 26

914

According to Virginia Satir, the individual displaying an irrelevant style _________.

Pg. 548

Answer 26

will distract the family from the problem via constantly talking about irrelevant topics

Question 27

915

Virginia Satir is considered a leading figure in experiential family therapy. ________ is sometimes called the dean of experiential family therapy.

Pg. 549

Answer 27

Carl Whitaker

Question 28

Carl Whitaker was fond of saying that experience, not _______, changes families.

Pg. 549

Answer 28

education

Question 29

916

Carl Whitaker’s interaction with the family could best be described as ________.

Pg. 549

Answer 29

joining the family and experiencing it as if he were a family member

Question 30

917

According to Carl Whitaker, _________.

Pg. 550

Answer 30

a co-therapist is helpful

Question 31

918

Psychotherapy of the absurd is primarily related to the work of _________.

Pg. 550

Answer 31

Carl Whitaker

**Whitaker could be wild at times. A couple who was in a power struggle, for example, might be asked to have a tug of war in order to prove who really had control.

Question 32

919

A behavioristic marriage and family therapist is counseling the entire family together. She turns to the 18-year-old son who is attending community college and says, “You must complete your sociology essay before you can use the family car and go out with your friends.” Which theorist is primarily guiding her intervention strategy?

Pg. 550

Answer 32

David Premack’s principle or law

**Premack’s principle suggests that a family member must complete an unpleasant task (low probability behavior - LPB) before they would be allowed to engage in a pleasant task (high probability behavior - HPB)

Question 33

__________ is a Latin phrase meaning “one thing for another”, or “this for that”. This technique is based on the notion that one person in the family will do something as long as the other member agrees to do something comparable. This technique generally makes use of a behavioral contingency contract in sessions.

Pg. 551

Answer 33

quid pro quo

Question 34

921

A male is supervising a female counselor for state licensing. He tells her that he will continue to supervise her as long as she has sex with him. This is an example of __________.

Pg. 552

Answer 34

quid pro quo

Question 35

922

A behavioristic family counselor suggests that the family chart the number of times that 6-year-old Billy says “no” when he is told to do something. The baseline of the chart would refer to the period __________.

Pg. 552

Answer 35

before the behavior modification

Question 36

923

The family counselor explains to Mrs. Smith that the next time that 9-year-old Sally hits her little brother she must sit in the family room by herself. The counselor is using __________.

Pg. 552

Answer 36

time-out, a procedure that most behaviorists feel is a form of extinction

Question 37

The concept of ________ in marriage asserts that in most cases two people will reinforce each other at about the same level over time (chores, income, responsibilities, etc.). When this doesn’t happen marital discord may result.

Pg. 553

Answer 37

reciprocity

Question 38

925

A couple is having sexual problems that stem from anxiety. A marriage counselor who is a strict behaviorist would most likely __________.

Pg. 553

Answer 38

rely on systematic desensitization procedures

Question 39

In the behavioristic technique of _________, a client would be taught to yell in their mind “stop!” anytime an unfavorable thought occurred.

Pg. 554

Answer 39

thought stopping

Question 40

If research occurred in the past and the researcher did not have control over the independent variable this qualifies as _________ research.

Pg. 555

Answer 40

casual comparative

Question 41

Casual comparative and correlational research and surveys are called _________.

Pg. 555

Answer 41

nonexperimental designs

Question 42

928

All of the techniques listed below would be used by a behavioristic family therapist EXCEPT:

a. family sculpting
b. a functional analysis of behavior followed by operant conditioning
c. modeling
d. chaining and extinction

Pg. 555

Answer 42

a. family sculpting

Question 43

_________, popularized by Virginia Satir, is an experimental/expressive technique in which the therapist asks a family member places other family members in positions that symbolize their relationship with other members of the family. Finally, the member places themself. This technique helps the therapist understand family dynamics that might be missing from a mere discussion of family issues.

Pg. 555

Answer 43

Family sculpting

Question 44

The divorce rate in the U.S. hovers around ____%.

Pg. 556

Answer 44

50%

Question 45

The average divorce takes place after ______ years. On average, after the marriage ends the partners will remarry in ______ years.

Pg. 556

Answer 45

8; 3 or 4 years

Question 46

931

The theory of psychodynamic family counseling is primarily associated with _________.

Pg. 556

Answer 46

Nathan Ackerman

**although Freud is the father of psychoanalysis, it was Ackerman – an analytically trained child psychiatrist – who as early as 1938, recommended studying the family and not just the child who was brought into treatment. Some experts consider this the true beginning of the family therapy movement.

Question 47

Because _________ was analytically trained – unlike many family therapists – he was concerned with the internal feelings and thoughts of each individual as well as the dynamics between them. Prior to this theorist, it was considered inappropriate to include family members in analytic treatment sessions.

Pg. 556

Answer 47

Ackerman

Question 48

932

In psychoanalytic family therapy the word “object” means _________.

Pg. 557

Answer 48

a significant other with whom a child wishes to bond

**this is the belief that the child (or their ego) attempts to establish a relationship with an object – often a person or a part of the body – to satisfy needs. When this does not occur anxiety is manifested.

Question 49

933

In psychoanalytic family therapy the term “introjects” really means that the client ________.

Pg. 557

Answer 49

unconsciously internalizes the positive and negative characteristics of the objects within themselves

**introjects = taking in personality attributes of others that become part of your own self-image

Question 50

“A client who realistically perceives her therapist as only having good qualities.”

“A client who sees her therapist as all bad.”

These statement are examples of __________.

Pg. 557

Answer 50

splitting

**splitting = when someone views someone or something as all bad or all good.

Question 51

936

A family actually changes the structure of their family system. According to Watzlawick, Weakland, and Fisch the family has achieved _________.

Pg. 558

Answer 51

second-order change that is more desirable than first-order change

Question 52

________-order change can be defined as changes that are superficial. Behavioral changes do occur, however, the organization or structure of the system does not change. Therefore, this change often ameliorates symptoms but the changes are often temporary.

Pg. 558

Answer 52

first-order change

Question 53

________-order change involves an actual change in the family structure that alters an undesirable behavioral pattern.

Pg. 559

Answer 53

second-order change

Question 54

_______ is a term that refers to a procedure used by attorneys and trained mental health professionals to settle disputes between couples getting a divorce without going to court.

Pg. 559

Answer 54

mediation

Question 55

__________ refers to a consultant or supervisory team that observes a session from behind a one-way mirror and sends messages to the therapist or the family.

Pg. 559

Answer 55

Greek chorus

Question 56

________ believes that important objects (usually parents) often fuel “love-hate” feelings in kids. The more pathological the early life experiences are the more that person as an adult will make all relationships fit the internal “love-hate” scenario from childhood.

Pg. 560

Answer 56

James Framo

Question 57

________ feels that kids who had poor role models as children possess protective systems. This means that such individuals harbor unrealistic expectations of people in current relationships carried over from childhood.

Pg. 560

Answer 57

Robin Skynner

Question 58

939

Cloe Madanes and Jay Haley are associated with the _________ school of family counseling.

Pg. 560

Answer 58

strategic

Question 59

The family therapist _________ was impacted by the Milton Erikson who believed in “designing a strategy for each specific problem”. Some say that _______ helped alter Erikson’s work so that it helped families as well. This theorist coined the term Strategic Therapy to explain Erikson’s method.

Pg. 560

Answer 59

Jay Haley; Jay Haley

Question 60

940

When Jay Haley began investigating psychotherapy he had a degree in the __________ rather than the helping professions. He later went on to train people with virtually no background in psychotherapeutic intervention, just like how he started.

Pg. 560

Answer 60

arts and communication

Question 61

A __________ is when the therapist tells a client or family what to do.

Pg. 561

Answer 61

directive or prescription

Question 62

942

You are trying to help a client stop smoking.

“You hypnotize your client and tell her she will never smoke another cigarette again. After you awaken her you admonish her to smoke as many cigarettes as she can for the first three days.”

This response is an example of the ________ concept used in Haley’s strategic therapy.

Pg. 561

Answer 62

double-bind

**a double-bind is a no-win situation characterized by contradictory messages such as a never smoke again and then smoke as much as you want.

**this technique can also be referred to as a “paradoxical intervention”

Question 63

One definition of a ________ is that the helper prescribes what the client or family would probably do anyway and can even tell them to exaggerate it.

Pg. 562

Answer 63

paradox

Question 64

944

A couple tells a therapist using strategic family therapy that they have a fight at least once every evening. The therapist says, “Between now and the next time I see you I want you to have a serious fight at least twice every evening.” This is an example of __________.

Pg. 563

Answer 64

prescribing the symptom

Question 65

_________ occurs when you redefine a situation in a positive context (i.e., make the situation or behavior seem acceptable to the client). The situation is described in a positive light to evoke a different emotional response.

Pg. 563

Answer 65

reframing

Question 66

946

In strategic family counseling the person with the power in the family _________.

Pg. 564

Answer 66

has the authority to make rules and enforce them

**Haley believes the therapist should speak to this individual first during the initial session.

Question 67

947

Psychoanalytic practitioners do not attack symptoms directly. Strategic therapy _________.

Pg. 564

Answer 67

is pragmatic and often focuses on abating symptoms

Question 68

948

Cloe Madanes insisted that symptoms serve a function. A child, for example, sees that her mother is depressed. The daughter throws a glass cup to the floor to break it. This brings her mother out of her depressed state and makes her angry and powerful. This is known as _________.

Pg. 564

Answer 68

incongruous hierarchy

Question 69

_________ believed that one of the keys to family functioning is to help children find more direct ways to help their parents so that their symptoms no longer serve a viable purpose.

Pg. 565

Answer 69

Cloe Madanes

Question 70

In a _________ hierarchy, the mother controls her daughter.
In a _________ hierarchy, the child is in control.
_________ hierarchy is evident in most dysfunctional families.

Pg. 565

Answer 70

normal; incongruous; malfunctioning

Question 71

949

Madanes advocated pretend techniques that are somewhat paradoxical. An example might be _________.

Pg. 565

Answer 71

a child who has panic attacks pretends to have one during the session and the parents pretend to help them

**most experts believe that the pretend technique is more gentle and less confrontational than traditional paradoxical interventions.

Question 72

950

A strategic family therapist says to a family, “I don’t know what else you can do to stop the bickering and fighting in your house.” This is an example of ________.

Pg. 565

Answer 72

restraining

**this technique helps overcome resistance by suggesting that it might be best if the family does not change.

Question 73

951

A client remarks that her depression is extremely intense. Her strategic counselor remarks, “It is very possible your depression is hopeless. It is possible you will never get over it.” Her comment is an example of _________.

Pg. 566

Answer 73

positioning

Question 74

________ occurs when a helper accepts the client’s predicament and then exaggerates the condition. Doing this paints an even more negative picture of the situation for the client than restraining does.

Pg. 566

Answer 74

positioning

Question 75

The strategic techniques of restraining, positioning, prescribing the symptom, and relabeling (also called redefining and reframing) are all examples of _________ interventions since they defy common sense.

Pg. 566

Answer 75

paradoxical

Question 76

________ refers to the degree of bonding between family members or group members.

Pg. 566

Answer 76

cohesion

Question 77

In _________, the client tries to behave in a way that is markedly different from their normal, though undesirable, pattern.

Pg. 566

Answer 77

behavioral dispute

Question 78

952

A family counselor treats an Asian American family exactly like he treats the Arab American families in his caseload. He also imposes values from his own culture on them. This counselor has been described in the literature as __________.

Pg. 566

Answer 78

lacking cultural sensitivity & culturally encapsulated

Question 79

_________ occurs when a counselor imposes goals from their own culture on people from another culture.

Pg. 567

Answer 79

cultural encapsulation

Question 80

953

Which statement is true of African American families?

a. they are the largest minority in the U.S.
b. fewer African Americans are getting married
c. African Americans are less likely to be concerned about gender roles (e.g., men and women can cook meals or work outside of the home).
d. b & c

Pg. 567

Answer 80

d. b & c

**LatinX is the largest minority in the U.S.

Question 81

Several studies indicate that African American families are less likely to seek professional treatment because they often rely on the extended family and the church for support and guidance. This is viewed as a strength. When family counseling is utilized, ___________ approaches seem to fit best.

Pg. 567

Answer 81

problem-focused, brief, or multigenerational

**such as Bowen’s family therapy, Minuchin’s structural family therapy, or Haley’s strategic family therapy

Question 82

955

When counseling Asian American families the best approach would must likely be __________.

Pg. 568

Answer 82

solution-focused/problem-focused modalities

Question 83

Researchers found that ________ might be mentally healthier than the general population (8.6% had mental health symptoms compared to 17.9% for the general pop.). Also, those with a DSM diagnosis were less likely to seek treatment (34.1% sought treatment vs. 41.1% for the general pop.).

Pg. 568

Answer 83

Asian Americans

Question 84

In general, _______ tend to have higher unemployment rates, are more likely to live in poverty, and earn high school diplomas or college degrees less frequently. This population typically prefers short-term behavioral family therapy or structural approaches.

Pg. 568

Answer 84

LatinX

Question 85

957

A model by Olson, Sprenkle, and Russell suggests that family functioning can be described in two dimensions – cohesion and adaptability. The family therapy term “cohesion” refers to the level of emotional bonding between family members. “Adaptability” refers to _________.

Pg. 569

Answer 85

how rigid, structured, flexible, or chaotic the family is

Question 86

“_________” refers to the family’s balance between stability, known as morphostasis and change, also known as morphogenesis.

Pg. 569

Answer 86

adaptability

Question 87

According to the _________ model, the key factor is that the family should have balance in cohesion as well as adaptability.

Pg. 569

Answer 87

circumplex family model

Question 88

958

Which statement is true regarding Native American families?

a. they are a very diverse group as they belong to over 550 state-recognized tribes, with over 220 in Alaska.
b. extended family and the tribe are very significant.
c. a high percentage of children have been placed in foster care homes, residential facilities, or adoption homes that are non-Native American.
d. all of the above are true

Pg. 569

Answer 88

d. all of the above are true

Question 89

959

The statement “Native Americans, also called American Indians, have a problem with alcoholism and suicide” is _________.

Pg. 569

Answer 89

true

**suicide is the second leading cause of death among this group between ages 10-34. Alcohol is involved in 69% of the suicides for all age brackets for this group as well.

Question 90

960

Murray Bowen is known for his work in intergenerational family therapy. When Bowen refers to triangulation he means _________.

Pg. 570

Answer 90

when a dyad (i.e., two individuals) is under stress a third person is recruited to help stabilize the difficulty between the original dyad. This could even be a child placed in the middle of the conflict

Question 91

961

One of the primary goals of Bowen’s intergenerational family therapy is differentiation. Differentiation is _________.

Pg. 570

Answer 91

the extent that one can separate one’s intellect from one’s emotional self

Question 92

962

Bowen popularized a three-generational pictorial diagram as a therapy tool. This is known as _________.

Pg. 571

Answer 92

a genogram

Question 93

Bowen suggested that the genogram should depict ______ or more generations.

Pg. 571

Answer 93

3

Question 94

963

An intergenerational family therapist says she is concerns with the nuclear family emotional system. She is referring to _________.

Pg. 571

Answer 94

the fact that although the current family in therapy has an emotional system, this emotional system is influenced by previous generations whether they are alive or dead

Question 95

Bowen originally referred to the nuclear family emotional process as an “undifferentiated family ego mass” since families with difficulties often display __________.

Pg. 572

Answer 95

a high degree of fusion

Question 96

964

Albert Ellis is to REBT as Salvador Minuchin is to ________.

Pg. 572

Answer 96

structural family therapy

**Salvador starts with an S and so does structural family therapy!

Question 97

__________ family therapy suggests that an individual’s behavior can only be interpreted by analyzing family interaction. Moreover, a change in the family’s patterns of communication and interaction must occur to create a healthy family.

Pg. 572

Answer 97

structural

Question 98

965

An important technique in structural family therapy is joining. Which statement most accurately depicts this intervention?

Pg. 572

Answer 98

The therapist meets, greets, and attempts to bond with the family. The therapist will use language similar to that of the family and mimesis (which means that the therapist will mimic communication patterns).

Question 99

_______ occurs during the initial session to boost the family’s confidence in the treatment process and reduce resistance. In subsequent sessions the therapist will challenge the dysfunctional communication patterns and the structure of the family.

Pg. 573

Answer 99

joining

Question 100

966

A family is seeing a structural family therapist because there is a huge argument every time the subject of the 16-year-old daughter’s boyfriend comes up. The therapist says, “Ok, I want you to play like you are at home and act out precisely what transpires when the subject of your daughter’s boyfriend is mentioned.” The structural family therapist is using a technique called _________.

Pg. 573

Answer 100

enactment

Question 101

________ is a strategy that allows the counselor to see an instant replay, if you will, of what genuinely transpires in the family.

Pg. 573

Answer 101

enactment

Question 102

967

When a structured therapist uses the term “boundaries” they really mean _________.

Pg. 573

Answer 102

the physical and psychological entities that separates individuals and subsystems from others in the family

Question 103

When structural therapists attempt to help the family create healthy boundaries it is known as _________ or the _________ technique. In this technique the family seating is often altered and family members are placed at a different distance from each other.

Pg. 573

Answer 103

changing boundaries; boundary marking

Question 104

968

In Minuchin’s structural approach, clear boundaries are __________.

Pg. 574

Answer 104

ideal – firm yet flexible

Question 105

When _________ are clear persons in the family are supported and nurtured, but each has the freedom to be their own person (i.e., individuate).

Pg. 574

Answer 105

boundaries

Question 106

______ boundaries are characterized by individuals or subsystems being disengaged.

Pg. 574

Answer 106

rigid

Question 107

970

A mother insists on accompanying her 20-year-old daughter on a date. A structural therapist would assume they the family _________.

Pg. 574

Answer 107

has diffuse boundaries

Question 108

971

Minuchin would often mimic the family’s style. This is know as ________.

Pg. 575

Answer 108

mimesis

Question 109

972

Ackerman is psychodynamic. Haley is strategic. Minuchin is structural. Bowen is intergenerational. Another well-known intergenerational family therapist would be __________.

Pg. 575

Answer 109

Ivan Boszormenyi-Nagy

Question 110

_________ is an analytically trained psychiatrist who discusses the importance of give and take fairness or relational ethics in the family.

Pg. 575

Answer 110

Ivan Boszormenyi-Nagy

Question 111

According to the notion of _________ a healthy family can negotiate imbalances and preserve a sense of fairness and accountability.

Pg. 575

Answer 111

relational ethics

Question 112

Ivan Boszormenyi-Nagy introduced the term ________, which refers to expectations handed down from generation to generation.

Pg. 575

Answer 112

family legacy

Question 113

Ivan Boszormenyi-Nagy is also known for his ________ technique. This technique includes a multigenerational balance sheet or accounting system. It outlines who gave what to whom and who owes what to whom.

Pg. 576

Answer 113

family ledger

Question 114

973

A family member who is emotionally distant is _________.

Pg. 576

Answer 114

disengaged

Question 115

________ is often defined as an isolated lack of connectedness between family members.

Pg. 576

Answer 115

disengagement

Question 116

974

During the course of a family session you discover that the man and his 14-year-old son are putting pressure on mom to quit her job. Mom very much likes her work. In Haley’s theory this set of dynamics would be called ________.

Pg. 576

Answer 116

the perverse triangle

Question 117

The _________ is a situation when two members who are at different levels of the family hierarchy (usually a parent and child) team up against another family member. The alliance between the two may be overt or covert, and the alliance against the other parent undermines their power and authority.

Pg. 576

Answer 117

perverse triangle

Question 118

975

_________ was a pioneer in the early history of family therapy.

Pg. 576

Answer 118

Alfred Adler

**Adler opened over 30 child guidance clinics in Vienna in the 1920s.

Question 119

The clinics opened in Vienna by Adler would often perform _________ in which Adler worked with the family as well as the open forum audience.

Pg. 577

Answer 119

open forum therapy

Question 120

976

Which therapist could best be described as atheoretical?

a. Jay Haley
b. Carl Whitaker
c. Alfred Adler
d. Nathan Ackerman

Pg. 577

Answer 120

b. Carl Whitaker

**he believed that theory is often used as an excuse to keep therapists emotionally distant from the family. He promoted “craziness” and creativity of family members.

Question 121

977

Solution-oriented therapy as practiced by William O’Hanlon, Insoo Kim Berg, Steve de Shazer, and Michelle Weiner Davis focuses primarily on ________.

Pg. 577

Answer 121

the future

Question 122

The __________ approach put little or no emphasis on understanding the problem. The therapist’s verbalizations center on the future. The therapist co-formulates a plan of action with the client or family.

Pg. 577

Answer 122

solution-oriented therapy

Question 123

978

Narrative therapy (NT), which highlights stories in counseling, is associated with the work of _________.

Pg. 577

Answer 123

Michael White, Cheryl White (his wife), and David Epston

Question 124

In _________ therapy the therapist asks questions or uses language to externalize the problem (meaning separate the problem from the person).

Pg. 578

Answer 124

narrative

Question 125

___________ asserts that a client constructs or invents the way they perceive the world. Clients come up with a story about their lives and they can reauthor these stories in therapy.

Pg. 578

Answer 125

constructivism or social constructivism

Question 126

979

Postmodernist Tom Anderson, a psychiatrist for Norway, became bored with traditional family therapy. He began using a radical approach based primarily on ________.

Pg. 578

Answer 126

a one-way mirror and a reflecting treatment team

Question 127

_________ assumes that there are no fixed truths in the world, only people’s individual perceptions of what constitutes reality or the truth.

Pg. 578

Answer 127

Postmoderism

Question 128

_________ theory stresses that therapy should be less hierarchical. A helper does not treat a client, instead the client and the therapist have a conversation to work together in a collaborative effort.

Pg. 579

Answer 128

constructivism

Question 129

980

Feminist therapy criticizes traditional therapies __________.

a. because they are androcentric (i.e., they use male views to analyze the personality).
b. because they are gendercentric (i.e., they assume that there are two separate psychological developmental patterns - one for men and one for women).
c. because they emphasize heterosexism and debase same-sex relationships
d. all of the above

Pg. 579

Answer 129

d. all of the above

Question 130

_________ therapies are said to be “gender free”, in the sense that differences between man and women are seen to be the result of socialization - not whether they are male or female.

Pg. 579

Answer 130

feminist

Question 131

_______ strive for equality in human relationships and the counselor can help in this area by avoiding ________.

Pg. 579

Answer 131

feminists; complex clinical jargon

Question 132

The __________ and its emphasis on abating sexism is that it helped illuminate the special issues in counseling men, masculinity, and men’s psychology. Since the early to mid-1980s, counseling and clinical services for men have become much more common.

Pg. 580

Answer 132

women’s counseling movement (feminist therapy)

Question 133

981

The term “skeleton keys” as used in Steve de Shazer’s brief solution-focused therapy (BSFT) indicates _________.

Pg. 580

Answer 133

a standard intervention that will work for numerous problems

Question 134

A technique that Steve de Shazer used, in which the therapist hands the client or clients a sheet of paper with a says a nice thing about them on it would be called a _________.

Pg. 580

Answer 134

compliment

Question 135

In a technique known as _________ the therapist may compliment the client’s past successes without specifically relating them to the current obstacles.

Pg. 580

Answer 135

past successes

Question 136

982

One criticism of using cognitive-behavioral methods like REBT with families or individuals in multicultural counseling would be _________.

Pg. 581

Answer 136

that the cognitive disputation could go against cultural messages

**Ellis (the creator of REBT) views dependency as unhealthy while some cultures see this as a positive.

Question 137

983

Most experts predict that in the twenty-first century, theories of counseling and psychotherapy will become more __________.

Pg. 581

Answer 137

integrative, since about 30-50% of all therapists say they are eclectic

Question 138

_________ sometimes uses a treatment team behind a one-way mirror, nevertheless, it is not required.

Pg. 582

Answer 138

Brief solution-oriented therapy

Question 139

_______ refers to the fact that larger systems often impact client and family functioning (e.g., schools, church, or health care system).

Pg. 582

Answer 139

ecosystem

Question 140

985

A researcher takes a group of clients and gives them a depression inventory. He then provides each client with two sessions of brief solution-oriented therapy and gives them the same depression inventory. A t test is used to compare the two sets of scores on the same people (i.e., the before and after measures of depression). This would be _________.

Pg. 582

Answer 140

a related measures within-subject design

Question 141

In the ________ design, each subject acts as their own control.

Pg. 583

Answer 141

within-subjects

Question 142

The _________ design (which relies on separate people in the control and experimental groups) is a popular form of research.

Pg. 583

Answer 142

between-groups

Question 143

When a single group is used in research or two groups that are not equivalent this may be referred to as a _________ design.

Pg. 583

Answer 143

pre-experimental

Question 144

986

A question on the NCE regarding a pre-experimental design uses the letters XO. The letters stand for _________.

Pg. 583

Answer 144

treatment (X) and observation, measurement, or score (O)

**Most popular abbreviations for experimental designs are:
O = observation, measurement, or score (dependent variable)
X = treatment
E = experimental group
C = control group
R = random sampling
NR = no random sampling

Question 145

987

Another type of pre-experimental design is the one-group only posttest design. This is best depicted by _______.

Pg. 584

Answer 145

XO (treatment, score)

Question 146

989

The Solomon four-group is considered a true experimental design since each group is chosen via a random sample. When using this design _________.

Pg. 585

Answer 146

one control group receives a pretest and one experimental group receives a pretest; the other control group and experimental group do not.

**in this design one pair of control/experimental groups receives a pretest while the other pair does not. This design helps weed out the impact of a pretest.

Question 147

990

John Gottman is known for _________.

Pg. 585

Answer 147

creating a paradigm to predict which marriages would likely end in divorce

Question 148

_________ postulates 6 predictors of divorce:

1. The marriage got off to a harsh “start up”
2. The relationship is characterized via negativity which includes criticism, contempt, defensiveness, and stonewalling.
3. There is “flooding” in the sense that the negativity comes on suddenly and is overwhelming.
4. “Body language” changes such as a pulse rate between 110 and 165.
5. Attempts to repair the marriage fail.
6. A lack of fond memories from the early days of the relationship.

Pg. 585

Answer 148

Gottman

Question 149

Dr. ________ conducted a research experiment where she placed 70-80-year-old men in an environment commensurate with the one they lived in 20 years ago and told them to act like it was 20 years earlier – their biomarkers of aging actually went backwards! People even thought the participants looked younger at the end of the study. The book, “Counter Clockwise”, was written about the experiment and is now a classic in the mindfulness movement.

Pg. 586

Answer 149

Ellen Langer

Question 150

991

The newest career theory would be __________.

Pg. 586

Answer 150

constructivist and cognitive approaches

Question 151

TWA = __________

This theory suggests that the person must fit the job and also that the work must meet the needs of the person. The theory espouses that higher work satisfaction generally results in greater productivity.

This theory was proposed by __________.

Pg. 587

Answer 151

Theory of Work Adjustment; Rene Dawis and Lloyd Lofquist

Question 152

995

A question on your comprehensive exam asks you to compute the coefficient of determination. You are given a correlation coefficient of .70. How would you mathematically accomplish this task?

Pg. 588

Answer 152

you would square the .70.

**the coefficient of determination is computer by squaring the correlation coefficient. Thus, in this question the variance would be 49%.

Question 153

996

A correlation coefficient between variables X and Y is .60. If we square this figure we now have the coefficient of determination or true common variance of 36%. What is the coefficient of nondetermination that shows unique rather than common variance?

Pg. 588

Answer 153

it would be 64%

**you subtract the coefficient of determination from 100.

Question 154

997

John Krumboltz proposes a ________ model of career development.

Pg. 589

Answer 154

social learning behavioristic

Question 155

998

Krumboltz’s social learning theory is sometimes referred to as a cognitive theory because it emphasizes beliefs that clients have about themselves as well as the world of work. When Krumboltz speaks of self-observation generalizations he really means _________.

Pg. 589

Answer 155

in career counseling your primary concern is the manner in which people view themselves and their ability to perform in an occupation

Question 156

__________ really deals with the personal question of, “Can I really do this and what will happen is I try to do this?”

Pg. 590

Answer 156

self-efficacy

Question 157

1000

Career counselors refer to job shadowing and volunteering as _________ activities, while reading the job hunting book “What Color Is Your Parachute?” is _________.

Pg. 590

Answer 157

interactive; noninteractive

**interactive activities are also referred to as linear, and noninteractive activities are referred to as nonlinear

Question 158

1003

The school psychometrician refers Katie to you for individual counseling. She indicates that Katie’s IQ is at the 50th percentile. Katie’s IQ __________.

Pg. 592

Answer 158

is approximately 100

**the 50th percentile is directly in the middle of the normal curve. Since an average IQ is approximately 100, this would be the best answer.

Question 159

1004

The psychometrician calls you and tells you that she has another student, who has an IQ that falls near the 84th percentile. This student’s IQ _________.

Pg. 592

Answer 159

is approximately 115

**the 84th percentile is about a standard deviation above the mean. A standard deviation about the mean is roughly 15 IQ points about the mean, thus 100 plus 15, so an IQ of 115.

Question 160

1005

An exam has a mean of 50 and a standard deviation os 20. Phil has a score of 90. His score would fall _________.

Pg. 593

Answer 160

near the 98th percentile and the 9th stanine

**looking at the normal curve you can see that this is an exceptionally high score, placing it in the top or 9th stanine.

Question 161

1007

The mean score on a new counseling exam is 65. The standard deviation is 15. Tanja scored a 35. This tells us that ________.

Pg. 594

Answer 161

she had a z-score of -2.

**z-score is the same as the standard deviation. In this case Tanja scored 2 standard deviations below the mean.

Question 162

Dr. _________ created the behavioristic approach of virtual reality therapy (VRT). In this approach, the client experiencing the virtual environment (VE) generally has the same physiological reactions as they would experience in an actual situation such as a higher heart rate and sweaty palms.

Pg. 594

Answer 162

Barbara Rothbaum

Question 163

1009

The DSM-5 provides diagnostic criteria for intellectual disability (ID), formerly billed as mental retardation. It starts that __________.

Pg. 595

Answer 163

the client must have an IQ score of 70 or below on an individually administered IQ test and the onset of the condition must be prior to age 18. The client’s ability to adapt to normal life in school, work, or family at home must also be impaired.

Question 164

1010

Measures of central tendency are used to summarize data. A counseling researcher wants to use a measure of central tendency which reacts to every score in the distribution. He will thus _________.

Pg. 595

Answer 164

use the mean, which has been termed the arithmetic average

**The mean is the ONLY measure of central tendency which reacts to every score in the distribution.

Question 165

The _______ would generally be superior to the mean when you have a skewed distribution with a glut of high or low extreme scores.

Pg. 596

Answer 165

median

Question 166

EQ = __________

Pg. 596

Answer 166

emotional intelligence

Question 167

1012

A counseling agency decides to pay their employees once a week. The agency is using a __________.

Pg. 596

Answer 167

fixed interval (FI) schedule of reinforcement

**all interval scales deal with time!!!!!!

Question 168

1013

As a gambling addiction counselor Laura is well aware that slot machines operate on a __________.

Pg. 597

Answer 168

variable ratio schedule of reinforcement

**if it is completely random, then it is a variable scale.

Question 169

_________ occurs when several studies on the same topic are utilized in order to examine a hypothesis.

Pg. 598

Answer 169

meta-analysis or meta-research

Question 170

In psychometrics, the ________ effect (also called the Forer effect) refers to the fact that clients will often accept a general psychological test report, horoscope, or palm reading and believe it applies specifically to them!

Pg. 599

Answer 170

Barnum

Question 171

1018

Neuroscience supports _________.

Pg. 600

Answer 171

the notion that empathy and exercise could benefit depressed individuals

Question 172

The concept of _________ suggests that the actions of the client as well as the environment do change the brain.

Pg. 600

Answer 172

neuroplasticity

Question 173

1019

Neuroscience seems to show that __________.

Pg. 600

Answer 173

cognitive therapy could raise serotonin, the feel good chemical in the brain, just like antidepressant medicine.

Question 174

________ is the feel good chemical in the brain.

Pg. 600

Answer 174

serotonin

Question 175

________ is the stress hormone.

Pg. 600

Answer 175

cortisol

Question 176

1020

Which statement best reflects the position of neurogenesis?

a. A 76-year-old man signs up for a course in chess and generates more neurons.
b. A 9-year-old girl falls off her bicycle and now has a learning disability.
c. A 32-year-old man uses temperature/thermal biofeedback to help ward off headaches.
d. A 32-year-old man uses EMG biofeedback to help ward off headaches.

Pg. 601

Answer 176

a. A 76-year-old man signs up for a course in chess and generates more neurons.

Question 177

1021

_________ seemingly is related to serotonin in the brain. Deficits of serotonin are thought to cause depression.

Pg. 601

Answer 177

Tryptophan, an amino acid

**when tryptophan is removed from the diet memory, anxiety, sleep, and mood decrease, while aggression increases.

Question 178

1024

Neurocounseling research indicates that the _________ is dominant _________.

Pg. 603

Answer 178

left hemisphere; in most people

**the left hemisphere of the brain is dominant in over 95% of the population

Question 179

Somatic symptom disorder often begins __________ and can literally last an entire lifetime.

Pg. 603

Answer 179

early in life (often in one’s teens)

Question 180

1026

Millie has a panic attack whenever she drives across a bridge. She has __________.

Pg. 604

Answer 180

situationally bound / cued panic attacks

**situationally bound/cued panic attacks have a cue or environmental trigger.

Question 181

1029

Binge-eating disorder (BED) is the _________ type of eating disorder.

Pg. 606

Answer 181

most common

Question 182

1031

_________ describes an individual with male and female sexual characteristics and possibly male and female internal or external sex organs.

Pg. 606

Answer 182

intersexuality

**previously known as “hermaphrodite”

Question 183

1033

Warren needs to conduct a study. His supervisor wants him to use a parametric inferential statistic. This means that he will need to use ________ sampling and the distribution is ________.

Pg. 608

Answer 183

random; normal

Question 184

_________ designs use interval and ratio data, while _________ designs rely on nominal and ordinal data.

Pg. 608

Answer 184

parametric; nonparametric

Question 185

_________ statistics are used when the distribution is normal (i.e., the mean, median, and mode are the same) and random sampling has been utilized.

Pg. 608

Answer 185

parametric

Question 186

Anything you say to a client __________ could end up in court.

Pg. 608

Answer 186

over the phone

Question 187

1035

The law requires clinicians to keep _________.

Pg. 609

Answer 187

progress notes

Question 188

1041

A lesbian client wants to become heterosexual and asks for conversion or reparative therapy. You explain that you ethically do not believe in this form of intervention. She asks you to refer her to a practitioner who will perform this type of therapy. You should _________.

Pg. 613

Answer 188

tell the client you prefer not to refer her to a therapist who engages in this form of treatment. Discuss the potential harm and risks with the client emphasizing that this in an unproven form of treatment.

**The ACA states that conversion or reparative therapy treatments are not services within the scope of professional counseling, but rather some other profession (i.e., Christian counseling or faith-based healing).

Question 189

1042

The ethical requirement to have a transfer plan in writing would apply to _________.

Pg. 613

Answer 189

a situation in which a counselor became disabled, died, or moved to another state

Question 190

All counselors should include a __________ in their informed consent document given to the client at the beginning of treatment. The new contact person and custodian of the records will be listed with complete contact information.

Pg. 614

Answer 190

transfer plan

Question 191

1043

You are counseling a 29-year-old man in your private practice who is seeing a primary care physician (PCP) for severe headaches. You are __________ to contact the PCP; however, attempting to secure permission to do so from your client would be considered the ________ course of action.

Pg. 614

Answer 191

not required; ideal

Question 192

1044

As a private practice counselor your ________ would be most important in terms of filing claims.

Pg. 615

Answer 192

National Provider Identifier (NPI) number

Question 193

1047

ACA ethical guidelines stipulate that a counselor can refrain from making a diagnosis if the counselor believes the diagnosis could harm the client or others. A counselor could refrain from making a diagnosis if it is ____________. A decision to refrain from making a diagnosis is ideally made ___________.

Pg. 616

Answer 193

in the best interest of the client; in collaboration with the client, although the counselor has the final say

Question 194

1048

The agency you work for insists that you diagnose every client. Since this is in violation of the newer ACA ethics this would qualify as “negative conditions”. You could handle this by ________.

Pg. 617

Answer 194

1. meeting with your supervisor and executive director of the agency and discussing other ways to secure funding that go beyond DSM reimbursement.
2. advocate for the client by explaining to the insurance company asking for the diagnosis that in come cases it is best that a diagnosis not be given. You could even teach the client to advocate for herself by having her inform the insurance company that a diagnosis might not be in her best interest.
3. show your supervisor, executive director, or insurance company the actual ACA Code of Ethics so they can see it in writing that the Code stipulates that “counselors may refrain from making and/or reporting a diagnosis if they believe it would cause harm.”

Question 195

1049

You leave your practice to study mental health treatment in another country. Dr. Kline, another license counselor, is now the custodian of your records. This was clearly explained in your informed consent brochure given to the client during the first visit. The clients have Dr. Kline’s contact information. Ethically _________.

Pg. 618

Answer 195

Dr. Kline should contact each client when he receives the record.

Question 196

An __________ parent expects their child to follow orders without explanations.

An __________ parent has give and take verbal explanations with the child.

Pg. 620

Answer 196

authoritarian; authoritative

Question 197

1054

A counselor is using the memory device: IS PATH WARM? He is most likely working with __________.

Pg. 621

Answer 197

a client whom he feels could be suicidal

**
I = ideation
S = substance abuse

P = purposefulness
A = anxiety
T = trapped
H = hopelessness

W = withdrawal
A = anger
R = recklessness
M = mood changes

Question 198

1055

Child-centered play therapy (CCPT) is experiencing rapid growth in popularity and spawning research. This modality was created by _________.

Pg. 622

Answer 198

Virginia Axline, an associate of Carl Rogers who penned “Dibs In Search of Self”

Question 199

1056

In a children’s career counseling group, the group will help the children _________.

Pg. 622

Answer 199

have a sense of belonging
share feeling and ideas
engage in desirable peer interaction

Question 200

A noncounselor intervention could be __________. This intervention occurs when a counselor is not present for the session.

Pg. 624

Answer 200

the use of a computer or software program

Question 201

1062

Group career counseling _________.

Pg. 625

Answer 201

is an international phenomenon. It is used in China with college students

Question 202

1063

The main purpose of a career group is _________.

Pg. 625

Answer 202

to provide information to participants, and to help folks explore vocations and enhance their decision-making skills

Question 203

ABA stands for ___________.

Pg. 626

Answer 203

applied behavior analysis

Question 204

1064

According to expert John Krumboltz, career decision issues are crucial in terms of _____________.

Pg. 626

Answer 204

one’s happiness

Question 205

_________, the author of “What Color Is Your Parachute?”, champions the idea of securing a ____________ to help you with your job search.

Pg. 626

Answer 205

Richard Bolles; network of persons

Question 206

1069

You create a career group to examine the clients’ roles in life as a child, student, citizen, homemaker/parent, worker, citizen, and time spent participating in leisure activities. You should use ___________.

Pg. 628

Answer 206

Donald Super’s life career rainbow

Question 207

1071

According to the human growth and development notion of plasticity every client you see can __________.

Pg. 629

Answer 207

alter their traits at any point in the life span

Question 208

_________ illuminates the idea that some people are more vulnerable than others to a particular experience, such as prescription pharmaceuticals, due to genetic difference.

Pg. 630

Answer 208

differential sensitivity

Question 209

1074

Program evaluation (PE) helps agencies, organizations, and centers make wiser decisions. PE takes place in a natural, rather than a laboratory or controlled, setting and helps _________ answer questions posed via _________.

Pg. 630

Answer 209

programs; staff

Question 210

1075

A cost-benefit analysis (CBA) answers the question: __________.

Pg. 631

Answer 210

was the money wisely spent or does the counseling center need a new program

Question 211

OARS works well for treating client struggling with addiction disorders.

O = open questions (e.g., how is your gambling addiction impacting your life?)
A = affirmations (any positive factors that counselor sees in the client's life such as awards, achievements, or success)
R = reflection
S = summary 

Is what therapeutic technique?

Pg. 632

Answer 211

Motivational Interviewing

Question 212

1078

The order of the four processes that MI uses is __________.

pg. 632

Answer 212

1. engaging (create relationship with client (in MI the counselor is a partner, not an expert))
2. focusing (keeping conversation focused on the behavior that the client wishes to change)
3. evoking (stresses the client to use their own motivation to make changes)
4. planning (creating a smart, measurable plan)

Question 213

In _________ the change comes from the client and not an outside source. The client must overcome their ambivalence toward change. Aggressive confrontation, giving advice, and persuasion are not a part of this therapuetic technique.

Pg. 633

Answer 213

Motivational interviewing

Question 214

1079

According to existential therapist __________, most therapists are afraid of their own mortality and avoid the topic of death.

Pg. 633

Answer 214

Yalom

Question 215

________ is convinced that we are all hardwired to have anxiety about death. Nevertheless, when it crosses over to terror and immobilizes our life it is not healthy. He believes life can be richer by keeping death in mind.

Pg. 634

Answer 215

Yalom

Question 216

What is cisgender?

Pg. 635

Answer 216

a person who identifies with the gender they were assigned at birth

Question 217

1082

A correlation/association between variables x and y is .50. According to the notion of effect size (ES) the correlation is ________.

Pg. 635

Answer 217

medium

**a small correlation is .20 or less; medium is .50 or less, and large/strong/big is .80 or higher

Question 218

The _________ helps us analyze the magnitude of the differences when looking at correlations, tests of significance, or even a meta-analysis.

Pg. 636

Answer 218

effect size (ES)

Question 219

When describing a statistically significant result it is the researcher’s duty to provide the ________ statistic.

Pg. 636

Answer 219

effect size (ES)

Question 220

1083

You conduct a true experiment. The results between the several groups are statistically significant. You have rejected the null hypothesis. You should still provide ___________.

Pg. 636

Answer 220

an effect size (ES) statistic

Question 221

1084

A major meta-analysis of 375 outcome studies using effect size by Mary Smith, Gene Glass, and Thomas Miller revealed that psychotherapy had a ________ effect, checking in at a .85.

Pg. 636

Answer 221

strong or big

Question 222

1086

All of the statements below are true about bullying except:

a. more girls are bullied than boys.
b. more whites are bullied than minorities.
c. fewer students claim they are being bullied in recent years.
d. more students are harassed in the hallways than on social media.

Pg. 638

Answer 222

d. more students are harassed in the hallways than on social media.

Question 223

1088

The 1974 Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) could also be called the Buckley Amendment. All of the following statements are true regarding FERPA except:

a. parents have access to a minor child’s educational records. Children over age 18 can view their own records.
b. a parent is able to have the educational record amended.
c. a counselor working in a private educational institution which does not receive federal funding would still be required to follow FERPA guidelines.
d. in situations involving imminent danger, a counselor could release information to protect the client, others, or ward off harm.

Pg. 638

Answer 223

c. a counselor working in a private educational institution which does not receive federal funding would still be required to follow FERPA guidelines.

**counselors working in schools and universities not receiving federal funds from appropriate government programs are EXEMPT from FERPA guidelines.

Question 224

_________ theories assign a cause, explanation, or reason for a behavior or outcome of an event. When the cause or outcome is generated by the person it is said to be a _________.

Pg. 641

Answer 224

attribution; dispositional/internal attribution

**when the cause is attributed to factors outside the individual, it is said to be a situational or external attribution.

Question 225

________ is the father of attribution theory.

Pg. 641

Answer 225

Fritz Heider

Question 226

1092

Based on the information in the previous question, the best example of a fundamental attribution error would be:

a. the counselor blames the woman for carrying an expensive handbag and wearing tight clothes for her sexual assault and robbery.
b. the counselor blames the man who committed the rape and robbery.
c. the counselor blames the police force for not patrolling the area better.
d. the counselor becomes so emotional, she cannot discuss the incident with you as her supervisor.

Pg. 641

Answer 226

a. the counselor blames the woman for carrying an expensive handbag and wearing tight clothes for her sexual assault and robbery.

**fundamental attribution error occurs when a person attempts to look at somebody else’s negative behavior, failure, or undesirable event and come up with an explanation.

Question 227

1093

According to attribution theory and the self-serving bias, if you pass your exam ________ and if you fail your exam _________.

Pg. 642

Answer 227

it is because of dispositional issues; it is because of situational issues

Question 228

A positive event occurred because you are so wonderful etc.! A negative event occurred because of the situation or external circumstances! It had nothing to do with you. This tendency is called the ___________ bias.

Pg. 642

Answer 228

self-serving

Question 229

A depressed client will typically do the opposite of a person who is _________ and will blame himself. In a situation like this the self-serving bias would NOT apply.

Pg. 642

Answer 229

not depressed

Question 230

1096

A counselor is utilizing a thought log – also known as a thought record – with an anxious client. She is practicing ___________.

Pg. 643

Answer 230

CBT

Question 231

_______ counselors often use thought records to help clients see how their thoughts are impacting their lives. The thought record is merely a chart depicting an activating event, the actual thought, the emotional consequence and/or behavior, and an alternative thought or perspective.

Pg. 644

Answer 231

CBT

Question 232

______ is not the most popular modality in the U.S. as well as several other countries such as the U.K. Most likely because it has been deemed effective in hundreds of studies.

Pg. 644

Answer 232

CBT

Question 233

Steven Hayes is generally cited as coming up with the first, second, and third wave categories of ___________

1st wave = classical & operant conditioning (Pavlov & Skinner)

2nd wave = focused heavily on cognitions (Ellis & Beck)

3rd wave = DBT, motivational interviewing, and ACT (acceptance & commitment therapy)

Pg. 644

Answer 233

behaviorist treatment

Question 234

1098

A counselor is performing CBT. He believes his client is not dealing with the real or core issue causing the difficulty. The most effective ploy would be to _________.

Pg. 645

Answer 234

use the downward arrow technique, created by David Burns

Question 235

The _________ technique is highly recommended to ferret out what the client is truly upset about and make the client aware of this issue. This happens by the counselor asking the client forms of the questions, “what is the worst thing what could happen?”.

Pg. 645

Answer 235

downward arrow

Question 236

1100

Your supervisor insists you rely on a teleological approach with a client. Pick the correct statement.

a. you would simply talk to the client about her childhood.
b. you would prescribe a homework assignment related to her childhood.
c. you would focus exclusively on the here and now.
d. you would focus on the client’s goal to become a stock broker in four years when she finishes her business degree.

Pg. 646

Answer 236

d. you would focus on the client’s goal to become a stock broker in four years when she finishes her business degree.

**a teleological approach focuses on the future!