Final Review Flashcards
Don’t break __________ unless legal and ethical guidelines stipulate you should do so. Confidentiality lives on after the client is deceased.
Pg. 648
confidentiality
Inform the client upfront that there are times when you need to break confidentiality, for example _________. This is known as “relative confidentiality” or the “limitations of confidentiality”. Your _________ information should also delineate freedom of choice issues, fees, techniques you utilize, and your qualifications.
Pg. 648
you are subpoenaed and asked to provide information about a client; informed consent
Never promise or guarantee that you will ________.
Pg. 648
cure the client
According to the ACA you may have a romantic or sexual relationship with a former client if you wait ____ years after the last contact. NBCC states _____ years after termination. The relationship cannot be exploitative.
Pg. 648
5; 2
If you don’t know how to handle a case _________. The “standard of practice/care” concept refers to the fact that competent peers would have handled the situation in the same manner as you.
Pg. 649
get supervision/consultation
Electronic client records require _________ so only appropriate staff can view them.
Pg. 649
restricted access
Breech confidentiality if a client threatens to hurt themself or someone else, relying on the principles of “__________”.
Pg. 649
minimal disclosure
Always contact a ________ regarding child abuse and/or abuse of elderly persons. Counselors are mandated reporters.
Pg. 649
hotline or appropriate organization
Practice ________ by keeping promises and being loyal to clients. Lying, not keeping appointments, and breaking confidentiality for no reason are examples of behavior that violates _________.
Pg. 649
fidelity; fidelity
Always secure _________ prior to seeing clients.
Pg. 649
malpractice (liability) insurance
Avoid dual/multiple relationships with current or former clients unless the relationship is ________ to the client. Document why you feel the interaction was beneficial in advance whenever possible. (If relationship is meeting your needs, and not you clients - avoid it!)
Pg. 650
beneficial
If you are a counselor educator you must infuse _________ material into all courses and workshops.
Pg. 650
multicultural and diversity
Never use a test, inventory, or assessment tool on a population unless is has been _________ on that population.
Pg. 650
normed
Never use a test or inventory that is ________ or make client decisions based on _______ test scores.
Pg. 650
obsolete; obsolete
Use the title “Dr.” only if your doctorate is ___________.
Pg. 650
in counseling or a closely related field
Do not use your ___________ to recruit clients for your private practice.
Pg. 650
regular counseling job
National Certified Counselors keep records for at least ___ years, unless the law says otherwise.
Pg. 650
5
If you are working with a terminally ill client who wishes to hasten their death you have a right to break or not break confidentiality after ____________.
Pg. 650
you consult with appropriate professional and legal sources
If you are using a _________ you must inform your client. You should also reveal the composition of the team.
Pg. 650
treatment team
If you provide technology-assisted services use ___________. Also check legal regulations and the licensing bureau of the state where __________ resides to determine if you must be licensed in that particular state.
Pg. 651
encrypted websites and email communications; the client
If you provide technology-assisted services, give the client ___________ in case technology fails. Also let the client know what services are covered under insurance and ensure that technological accessibility meets the ADA requirements.
Pg. 651
emergency procedures
If you are using a technique or treatment that is not proven via empirical evidence or a proven scientific foundation, always inform the client that ___________. Also discuss the possibility of harm with the client.
the intervention is “unproven” or “developing”
If you do unintentionally harm a client you must show that __________.
Pg. 651
you tried to remedy the harm incurred
A supervisor can legitimately recommend that a supervisee be __________ from a training program or professional setting.
Pg. 651
dismissed
____________ can legitimately terminate a supervisory relationship.
supervisor or supervisee
When possible, don’t use deception with subjects in research studies. If you cannot find an alternative, then ___________.
debrief the subjects as soon as possible
Avoid fee-splitting and never accept a __________ for a client.
referral fee
_________ is not a valid excuse for violating ethical guidelines.
ignorance
The application of human growth and development theories to the practice of counseling became popular in the ______.
Pg. 652
1980s
_________ refers to what happens to the fetus during gestation.
fetal origins
Changes to one’s growth and/or development can be either _________ (measured) or __________ (change in organization or structure).
quantitative; qualitative
__________ is the founder of psychology in the U.S. and the first president of the APA. He popularized the study of the child and child guidance.
Stanley Hall
________ was outlined by John Watson, Ivan Pavlov, Joseph Wolpe, and B.F. Skinner. Initially the mind is a blank slate and the child learns to behave in a certain manner. This model relies on empiricism (Locke’s view that knowledge is acquired by experience). All _________ is the result of learning.
behaviorism; behavior
Erikson’s psychosocial stages are based on ___________.
ego psychology and the epigenetic principle that states that growth is orderly, universal, and systematic
________ Qualitative stages of cognitive development:
- sensorimotor (birth - 2 yrs)
- preoperational (2-7 yrs)
- concrete operations (7-12 yrs)
- formal operations (11/12-16 yrs)
Piaget’s
Piaget
Patterns of thought and behavior are called ________.
schema
Piaget
________ occurs qualitatively (change in the person’s thought structure) when the individual fits information into existing ideas and modifies cognitive schemata to incorporate new information.
adaptation
Piaget
_________ is when the individual fits information into existing ideas.
assimilation
Piaget
________ is when an individual modifies cognitive schemata to incorporate new information.
accommodation
Piaget
_________ occurs in the sensorimotor stage (an object the child can’t see still exists).
object permanence
Piaget
_________ occurs in the preoperational stage and is the act of focusing on one aspect of something.
centration
Piaget
_________ takes place in the concrete operations stage. The child knows that volume and quantity do not change, just because the appearance of an object changes.
conservation
Piaget
__________ takes place in the formal operations stage.
abstract scientific thinking
The 7th stage of Erikson’s model is ___________ (35-60 yrs).
generativity vs. stagnation
The 8th stage of Erikson’s model is ___________ (65 + yrs).
integrity vs. despair
The 1st stage of Erikson’s model is ___________ (birth - 1.5 yrs).
trust vs. mistrust
The 2nd stage of Erikson’s model is ___________ (1.5 - 3 yrs).
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
The 3rd stage of Erikson’s model is ___________ (3-6 yrs).
initiative vs. guilt
The 4th stage of Erikson’s model is ___________ (6-11 yrs).
industry vs. inferiority
The 5th stage of Erikson’s model is ___________ (12-18 yrs).
identity vs. role confusion
The 8th stage of Erikson’s model is ___________ (18-35 yrs).
intimacy vs. isolation
________’s constructive developmental model emphasizes the impact of interpersonal interaction and our perception of reality.
Keagan’s
_________’s 3 levels of moral development:
Preconventional = behavior governed by consequences Conventional = a desire to conform to socially acceptable rules Postconventional = self-accepted moral principles guide behavior.
**each level has 2 stages.
Lawrence Kohlberg’s
_________ illuminated the fact that Kohlberg’s research was conducted on males in her book, “In a Different Voice”. Women have a sense of caring and compassion.
Carol Gilligan
________ four major eras/transitions theory depicted the changes in men’s lives throughout the life span.
The four eras include: childhood & adolescence, early adulthood, middle adulthood, and later adulthood
Levinson’s
________ proposed that cognitive development is not the result of innate factors, but is produced by activities that take place in one’s culture.
His __________ refers to the difference in the child’s ability to solve problems on his own and his capacity to solve them with some help from others.
Vygotsky; zone of proximal development (ZDP)
Freud’s psychoanalytic/psychodynamic 5 psychosexual stages:
- ______ (birth 1 yr)
- _____ (1-3 yrs)
- _____ (3-7 yrs)
- _____ (3-5 yrs)
- _____ (adolescence - adulthood)
oral anal phallic oedipal/electra complex latency genital
_________ is the drive to live and the sexual instinct that is present even at birth. It is said to be sublimated in the latency stage as the individual has little interest in sex. This ends when puberty begins.
libido
_________ is the return to an earlier stage caused by stress.
regression
_________ implies that the person is unable to move to the next stage.
fixation
_______ is criticized for focusing on sex and not including the entire life span in his theory.
Freud
_______ interviewed self-actualized people. Lower-order physiological and safety needs must be fulfilled before self-actualization can occur.
Maslow
________ theory of intellectual & ethical development in adults/college students:
dualism = students view the truth as either right or wrong
relativism = the notion that a perfect answer may not exist. There is a desire to know various opinions.
commitment to relativism = individual is willing to change their opinion based on novel facts and new points of view
Perry’s
________ theory of faith and spiritual development:
0: undifferentiated (primal) faith (birth - 4 yrs)
1: intuitive-projective faith (2-7 yrs)
2: mythic-literal faith (childhood and beyond)
3: synthetic-conventional faith (adolescence and beyond) **a stage of conformity
4: individuative-reflective faith (young adulthood and beyond)
5: conjunctive faith (mid 30’s and beyond) **openness to other points of view, paradox, and appreciation of symbols and metaphors
6: universalizing faith (midlife and beyond) **few reach this stage
Fowler’s
According to _________, faith is not identical with one’s belief in religion. “Faith can be religious faith, but it can also be centered on a career, a country, an institution, a family, money, success, or even oneself”. Faith grows and changes throughout the life span.
Fowler
Baumrind’s Typology or Parenting Styles:
_________ = high expectations for the child, but is warm and nurturing. The child is given an explanation of the rules. Generally produces a child who is happy, does well in school, has good emotional regulation, and fine social skills.
authoritative
Baumrind’s Typology or Parenting Styles:
_________ = bossy parents which champions “follow my orders” with no explanation. Punishment and verbal insults are used liberally. Can produce anxious, withdrawn children who are likely to engage in antisocial behavior including alcohol and drug abuse, stealing, and gang activities.
authoritarian
Baumrind’s Typology or Parenting Styles:
_________ = parent has a low level of control and is easily manipulated. Rarely says “no” to a child and is nonpunitive. Very affectionate and wishes to please the child like a friend. Child can display a lack of social skills, boundaries, and can be extremely demanding. Children often use drugs and alcohol.
permissive passive indulgent
_________ appears to be the best treatment of choice for those with eating disorders.
family therapy
________ is defined as habits, customs, art, religion, science, and the political behavior of a given group of people during a given period of time.
culture
Cultures are said to be ________: each culture changing or evolving at its own rate.
dynamic
The dominant or major culture in a country is the _________, often contrasted with the smaller ________.
macroculture; microculture
Learning the behaviors and expectations of a culture is known as __________.
acculturation
Cultural ________ is a way to view cultural _________ as an ongoing process and not an end product. The construct suggests you need lifelong commitment to self-evaluation; fix power imbalances where they should not exist; and develop partnerships to advocate for others.
humility; competency
_________ implies that we are all genetically and biologically similar - “biological sameness” (i.e., we all need air, food, and water).
universal culture
________ can determine our language, political views, and laws
national culture
_________ gives us the behavior for a certain region
regional culture
_________ where factors such as earthquakes, floods, and food supply may influence our behavior
ecological culture
_________ occurs when one race views itself as superior to others. A given race has a set of genetically transmitted characteristics such as white, African American, or Asian.
Racism
_________ means that a given group sees itself as the standard by which other ethnic groups are measured.
ethnocentrism
In the ______ approach the counselor helps the client understand their culture. In the _____ approach the counselor focuses on the similarities in people; treating people as being the same.
emic; etic
**M = me/I T = those/others
_______ implies that the counselor helps the client change to cope with their environment.
autoplastic
**auto = 1 person (autobiography)
_______ occurs when the counselor has the client try to change the environment
alloplastic
______ and nosological systems such as the DSM can have a Eurocentric or Euro-American bias
tests
_________ implies that the client’s tone of voice, loudness, vocal inflections, and speed of delivery, silence, and hesitation must be taken into consideration. It is part of the study of nonverbal communication and is usually considered more accurate than verbal communication.
paralanguage
_________ communication implies that there will be a precise explicit verbal explanation and possibly repetition such as summarizing at the end of a class, meeting, or group therapy session. Popular in the US, UK, Canada, and Germany.
low context
_________ communication is implicit. It is common in the Middle East, Italy, Spain, and Asian countries. It relies on nonverbal over verbal, respect for tradition and the past, and is readily understood by others in the culture with a shared frame of reference.
high context
_________ is the act of thinking that all people of a group are alike. Can be good or bad.
stereotyping
_________ occurs when we have an opinion based on insufficient evidence.
prejudice
_________ is the notion that psychologically healthy people possess both masculine and feminine characteristics.
androgynous/androgyny
________ addresses the issue of personal space, also known as spatial relations. Communication and social relations are impacted by this.
proxemics
_________ theory, popularized by early research by Festinger, postulates that we evaluate our behaviors and accomplishments by comparing ourselves to others.
social comparison
Festinger is also well known for his ___________ theory asserting that individuals will change their beliefs to match their behavior when there is a mismatch. This reduces the tension created by the initial inconsistency.
cognitive dissonance
_________ is to acknowledge information that supports your point of view and ignore that which does not.
confirmation bias
Counselors strive to understand a client’s ________ (the way the client sees the world due to attitudes, value systems, an beliefs).
worldview
__________ factors must be taken into account when counseling clients.
socioeconomic
The statement “misery loves company” is often true according to ________.
Schachter
_________ theory asserts that people from other cultures would do well to forget about their heritage and try to become like those in the dominant macroculture.
Anglo-Conformity
5-Stage Atkinson, Morten, & Sue’s Racial/Cultural Identity Development Model (R/CID) - aka Minority Identity Model:
stage 1: _________ = lean toward dominant culture and prefer a counselor from the dominant culture
conformity
5-Stage Atkinson, Morten, & Sue’s Racial/Cultural Identity Development Model (R/CID) - aka Minority Identity Model:
stage 2: _________ = question and confusion, prefer a counselor from a minority group
dissonance
5-Stage Atkinson, Morten, & Sue’s Racial/Cultural Identity Development Model (R/CID) - aka Minority Identity Model:
stage 3: __________ = reject the dominant culture while accepting one’s own culture
resistance and immersion
5-Stage Atkinson, Morten, & Sue’s Racial/Cultural Identity Development Model (R/CID) - aka Minority Identity Model:
stage 4: __________ = mixed feelings related to the previous stage, prefer a counselor from one’s own racial/ethnic group
introspection
5-Stage Atkinson, Morten, & Sue’s Racial/Cultural Identity Development Model (R/CID) - aka Minority Identity Model:
stage 5: _________ = stop racial and cultural oppression, prefers a counselor with a similar attitude or worldview over merely a counselor who is the same race/ethnicity, but has different beliefs.
synergetic articulation and awareness
In the 5-Stage Atkinson, Morten, & Sue’s Racial/Cultural Identity Development Model (R/CID) - aka Minority Identity Model _______________.
not everyone goes through all stages and some individuals never progress beyond the second or third stage. An individual can also go backward.
________ may be used to describe the view that women are subservient to men and that men are expected to provide for the family.
machismo
The _________ experiment: a situation can control behavior as well as assigned roles, such as telling subjects to be a guard or a prisoner. Would not be ethical today.
Stanford Prison Experiment
The ________ experiment: two opposing groups of boys ended up working together because they were both attempting to solve the same problem (called superordinate goal).
Robbers’ Cave (Sherif)
The ________ experiment: in a social or group situation people would sell out and agree with the opinions of others about the length of the line even when they knew the individuals were clearly wrong.
Solomon Asch Situation (1950s studies regarding conformity based on the length of a line)
The _________ experiment: the greater the number of people in a group, the LESS likely they are to assist a person in need (and will be slower if they do intervene)!
Darley & Latane (bystander effect/apathy)
The ________ experiment: 65% of subjects gave painful electrical shocks to innocent victims when instructed to do so by an authority figure. Some experts insist this could explain the Holocaust.
Stanley Milgram (1963 Obedience to authority experiment)
Research illuminates that the __________ contributes to 30% of the client outcome.
therapeutic relationship
Freud’s Psychodynamic Psychoanalysis is a ___________. It it long-term. This form of therapy is said to be historic since it focuses on the past.
theory of personality & a form of psychotherapy
Freud’s Psychodynamic Psychoanalysis
Patient is asked to engage in _________, which is saying whatever comes to mind.
free association
Freud’s Psychodynamic Psychoanalysis
_______ are very important and generally viewed as a process for wish fulfillment. Research does not support this notion.
dreams
Freud’s Psychodynamic Psychoanalysis
__________ is examined.
unconscious material
_________ emphasized ego defense mechanisms:
repression, displacement, projection, reaction formation, sublimation, rationalization, identification, suppression or denial
Freud
________ = something that is too painful for face is totally forgotten (not aware you are doing this)
repression
________ = taking your anger out on a safe target rather than the source of your anger
displacement
________ = you can’t accept a quality about yourself so you attribute it to others (i.e., you think you’re looking out a window but you are really looking in a mirror)
projection
_________ = you deny an unacceptable unconscious impulse by acting in the opposite manner
reaction formation
________ = express an unacceptable impulse in a socially acceptable manner
sublimation
_________ = when a person overrates or underrates a reward or outcome
rationalization
_________ = joining a feared person (such as a gang) to relieve your anxiety
identification
_________ = when you purposely don’t think of a situation
suppression or denial
The discharge of repressed emotions is called _________.
abreaction or catharsis
According to Freud’s structural theory, the personality has 3 systems:
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ = morals, houses conscience and ego ideal \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ = reality principle that balances the id and superego \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ = biological forces, especially sex and aggression. Operates on the pleasure principle striving for immediate gratification
superego
ego
id
______ is the life instinct
______ is the death instinct
eros
thanatos
Carl Jung’s Analytic (Psychodynamic) Psychology:
Unconscious has 2 parts: Personal unconscious & collective unconscious
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ = similar to what Freud postulated \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ = composed of archetypes passed down through the ages (common to all people).
personal unconscious
collective unconscious
Carl Jung’s Analytic (Psychodynamic) Psychology:
Archetypes include…
________ = a social mask the person wears
________ = masculine side of the female
________ = feminine side of the male
Individuals are said to be ___________, having both male & female characteristics.
________ = dark side of the personality related to animal instincts
persona animus anima androgynous shadow
Carl Jung’s Analytic (Psychodynamic) Psychology:
The ______ is symbolized via a mandala or a balance between the personal unconscious and the collective unconscious.
self
Carl Jung’s Analytic (Psychodynamic) Psychology:
Jung created the ____________ typologies. He felt that we possess both; however, one is dominant. The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) has its roots in this work.
extroversion/introversion
Carl Jung’s Analytic (Psychodynamic) Psychology:
__________ was Jung’s term for becoming a unique human being.
individuation
Adler’s Individual (Psychodynamic) Psychology:
Adler’s approach focuses on the fact that the behavior is one’s unconscious attempt to compensate for feelings of __________. An individual constructs a lifestyle which is chosen.
inferiority
Adler’s Individual (Psychodynamic) Psychology:
Adler stressed the “__________” to generate feelings of superiority.
“will to power”
Adler’s Individual (Psychodynamic) Psychology:
The theory adheres to the principle of __________ or the notion that behavior is motivated primarily by future opportunities rather than the past.
fictional finalism
Adler’s Individual (Psychodynamic) Psychology:
Adler felt __________ (also called place in the family constellation) was important.
1st born children are conservative leaders.
2nd born children tend to be more competitive and rebellious.
Sibling interaction can have a greater impact than parent-child interaction.
birth order
Adler’s Individual (Psychodynamic) Psychology:
Since Adler felt behavior is highly influenced by future goals rather than one’s past, this is a ____________.
teleological theory
Behaviorism, Behavior Modification, and Behavior Therapy:
Newer exams often refer to behavior modification as __________.
applied behavior analysis (ABA)
Behaviorism, Behavior Modification, and Behavior Therapy:
ABA looks at observable behavior, rather than __________.
hypothetical constructs.
Behaviorism, Behavior Modification, and Behavior Therapy:
The key concept is that behavior is ____________.
learned and not pathological
Behaviorism, Behavior Modification, and Behavior Therapy:
Watson coined the word “__________” while Lazarus created the term “___________”.
behaviorism; behavior therapy
Behaviorism, Behavior Modification, and Behavior Therapy:
The __________ of behavior therapy are that is does not yield insight, it treats symptoms not the root cause, and it can be manipulative and often changes behavior but not underlying feelings.
criticisms
Behaviorism, Behavior Modification, and Behavior Therapy:
___________ purports that behavior is molded solely by its CONSEQUENCES. This paradigm is known as operant or instrumental conditioning.
B. F. Skinner’s radical behaviorism
Behaviorism, Behavior Modification, and Behavior Therapy:
A _________ reinforcer is a stimulus that raises the probability that a behavior will be repeated. The reinforcer must come after the behavior (or operant).
positive
Behaviorism, Behavior Modification, and Behavior Therapy:
_________ reinforcers also raise behavior. For example, a recruit in the military makes a bunk bed to avoid being yelled at by a drill instructor. All reinforcers, whether positive or negative, raise behavior. All reinforcers are said to follow or come AFTER a behavior.
negative
Behaviorism, Behavior Modification, and Behavior Therapy:
________ speaks of social learning theory. Here the person’s own behavior increases when they see somebody else getting reinforced for it; also referred to as vicarious learning or modeling.
Bandura
Behaviorism, Behavior Modification, and Behavior Therapy:
_________ is intended to lower behavior by suppressing it.
punishment
Behaviorism, Behavior Modification, and Behavior Therapy:
Behaviorists champion _________ (e.g., assertive behavior).
role-playing
Behaviorism, Behavior Modification, and Behavior Therapy:
_________ will lower behavior after an initial extinction burst or response burst.
extinction
Behaviorism, Behavior Modification, and Behavior Therapy:
________ schedules of reinforcement rely on work output, whereas ________ schedules rely on time. Ratio schedules are ________ effective than interval schedules.
ratio; interval; more
Behaviorism, Behavior Modification, and Behavior Therapy:
_________ reinforcement occurs when each behavior is reinforced. Good when first learning a new behavior.
continuous
Behaviorism, Behavior Modification, and Behavior Therapy:
__________ reinforcement occurs some of the time, but not all of the times the desired behaviors are reinforced. This type of reinforcement is MORE effective than a fixed schedule where you always reinforce in the same manner.
intermittent or variable
Behaviorism, Behavior Modification, and Behavior Therapy:
________ with successive approximations is reinforcing small chunks of behavior that lead to the desired behavior.
shaping
Behaviorism, Behavior Modification, and Behavior Therapy:
__________ reinforcement of other/alternative behavior (DRO/DRA) takes place when the helper reinforces behaviors other than the dysfunctional behavior to reduce the dysfunctional target behavior (e.g., you want a child to quit talking in class so you give them a gold star only when they are doing their work and not talking). This procedure relies on reinforcement AND extinction.
differential
Behaviorism, Behavior Modification, and Behavior Therapy:
In Skinnerian __________, the behavior is affected by the consequences that come after the behavior.
operant conditioning
Behaviorism, Behavior Modification, and Behavior Therapy:
________ popularized what is now known as classical conditioning.
Ivan Pavlov
Behaviorism, Behavior Modification, and Behavior Therapy:
Behavior modification/applied behavior analysis is generally based on ________, while behavior therapy usually has its roots in __________.
Skinner; Pavlov
Behaviorism, Behavior Modification, and Behavior Therapy:
Interventions based on __________ conditioning include:
- sensate focus (sex therapy)
- systematic desensitization
- flooding (aka in vivo exposure with response prevention or deliberate exposure with response prevention)
- implosive therapy
- assertiveness training
classical
Behaviorism, Behavior Modification, and Behavior Therapy:
__________ conditioning = learning by pairing things together
classical/respondent
Behaviorism, Behavior Modification, and Behavior Therapy:
_________ conditioning based on the work of Skinner & Thorndike = learning by consequences occurring after a behavior
operant
Behaviorism, Behavior Modification, and Behavior Therapy:
Wolpe’s __________ can be conducted individually or in a group to curb fears and abate anxiety. This technique relies on relaxation and imagining feared stimuli. Newer research has revealed that this is a form of extinction.
systematic desensitization
Behaviorism, Behavior Modification, and Behavior Therapy:
Behaviorists may also use _________ therapy where the client imagines scary or feared stimuli in the safety of the counselor’s office.
implosive
Behaviorism, Behavior Modification, and Behavior Therapy:
_________ devices are used to enhance the client’s self-control of the autonomic nervous system. Examples include heart rate or brain waves. This is a form of OPERANT conditioning.
biofeedback
Roger’s Person-Centered Humanistic Therapy:
3 conditions for effective helping…
- _________
- ________
- display ________
show empathy
be genuine/congruent
unconditional positive regard
