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PAST PAPERS > 2018 SAQ > Flashcards

2018 SAQ Flashcards

1
Q

What are the classes of filaments present in the cytoskeleton of the cell and their respective diameters?

A

ACTIN - 6
microtubules- 25
intermediate - 10

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2
Q

What are the 3 functions of Golgi Apparatus?

A

modify lipids protein and lipids

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3
Q

where is rRNA synthesised in the cell

A

nucleolus

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4
Q

What are the 2 enzymes that catalyse this reactions : glucose -> glucose-6-phosphate?

A

hexokinase

glucokinase

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5
Q

Overall Glycolysis reaction: glucose + 2 NAD+ + 2 ADP + Pi = 2 X + 2 Y + 2 NADH + 2 H+ + 2 H2O. What is X and Y?

A

X - ATP

Y - PYRUVATE

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6
Q

List down the 2 steps (showing their substrate and production, no need to show enzyme) that require ATP in glycolysis.

A

glucose to glucose 6 phosphate

fructose 6 to fructose 1,6

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7
Q

what is the rate limiting enzyme for aerobic glycolysis?

A

PFK1

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8
Q

Name the 2 products of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate.

A

dihydroxyacetonephopshate

G3P

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9
Q

Parasympathetic stimulation to the heart
Which nerve?
Where does it synapse?
What is its effect on bowel blood flow?

A

vagus

preganglionic fibres

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10
Q

Baroreceptor
2 anatomical positions of baroreceptors?
Afferent nerve supply to medulla?

A

carotid sinus

aortic arch

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11
Q

What is the equation for calculating cardiac output? (no abbreviations)
What is the equation for calculating blood pressure?

A

SV x HR

TPR x CO

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12
Q

What is the effect of increased ventilation on PaO2?

A

lower

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13
Q

Describe the effect of blood loss on kidneys via RAAS.

A

RAAS is activated when there is a drop in BP or BV.
Juxtaglomerular cells in kidney release renin in response to decreased BP.
Renin converts angiotensinogen to Angiotensin 1.
ACE cleaves Angiotensin 1 to form Angiotensin 2.
Angiotensisn 2 is vasoconstrictor leading to increase in BP.

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14
Q

Describe the effect of ADH on kidneys.

A

ADH binds to AVPR 2 receptors on collecting ducts
Promotes aquaporins to embed themselves in cell membrane
Promotes water intake into the cell

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15
Q

Which type of cell produces immunoglobulin?

A

Plasma cells

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16
Q

Which Ig is first produces in infection?

A

IgM

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17
Q

Which Ig is present on mucosal surface?

A

IgA

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18
Q

What is the most abundant Ig in circulation?

A

IgG

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19
Q

A process to produce different Ig?

A

Different antigen exposure

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20
Q

Which property of immunity does vaccination use?

A

Adaptive immunity

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21
Q

What are the 4 ways antibodies use to kill bacteria?

A

Neutralisation of infection
Phagocytosis
Use of lysosomes

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22
Q

What are the 4 histological layers of the intestine?

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis externa
Serosa

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23
Q

2 histological descriptions of the duodenal epithelium.

A

Mucosa is simple columnar
Submucosa loose connective tissue
Smooth muscle layer

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24
Q

List 4 ways the small intestine maximise absorption

A

Plicae circularis
Villi
Microvilli
Highly folded

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25
Q

List 5 liver functions.

A

Detoxification
Energy storage
Synthesis of clotting factors

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26
Q

State Vitamins? stored in the liver

A

ADEK B12

27
Q

Name 2 metals the liver stores.

A

Iron

Copper

28
Q

Where are red blood cells broken down

A

Spleen

Liver

29
Q

What is unconjugated bilirubin bound to in blood

A

Albumin

30
Q

What is involved in making bilirubin hydrophilic

A

In liver bilirubin conjugated wtih glucaronic acid by enzyme glucoronyl transferase firstly into bilirubin glucuronide then to bilirubin diglucuronide making it soluble in water

31
Q

Define or describe cross sectional study.

A

Data from a population at a specific point in time

32
Q

What does ‘adjusted’ mean?

A

When averages must be corrected to compensate for data imbalances and large variances

33
Q

Define opportunity cost

A

Loss of value or benefit that would be incurred by engaging in the activity

34
Q

2 principles economists use

A

Cost of something that you have to give up to get it - cost benefit
And peoples responses to incentives- cost consequences

35
Q

4 ways to evaluate costs in economics?

A

Cost effectiveness
Cost benefit
Cost utility
Cost consequences

36
Q

Which part of the brain controls autonomic nervous system?

A

Hypothalamus

37
Q

Name the 2 functional divisions of the autonomic nervous system and briefly list down their functions.

A

Sympathetic

Parasympathetic

38
Q

Where in the CNS do the nerves exit

A

The spinal canal via the intervertebral foramen

39
Q

Effect on sphincter during micturition

A

External innervated by pudendal nerve

40
Q

What is the precursor to dopamine?

A

Tyrosine L-Dopa

41
Q

A hormone and a neurotransmitter dopamine is metabolised into?

A

Adrenaline and noradrenaline

42
Q

Where does dopamine project to?

A

Ventral tegmentum area

43
Q

Where is dopamine synthesised?

A

In dopaminergic neurons of the ventral tegmentum area of the Substantia nigra in mid brain and arcuate nucleus

44
Q

Name 2 neurological diseases associated with basal ganglia damage

A

Parkinsons Huntingtons

45
Q

Psychiatric issue with basal ganglia

A

OCD

46
Q

Pigment in skin
Which cell in skin secretes it?
What is the pigment?

A

Melanin

Melanocytes

47
Q

Range of days for menstrual cycle?

A

21-35

48
Q

Where is GnRH produced?

A

Hypothalamus

49
Q

Which hormone stimulates follicle development?

A

FSH

50
Q

Which hormone stimulates ovulation?

A

Luteinising hormone

51
Q

Have sex during which period most likely to lead to fertilisation?

A

ovulation phase

52
Q

Which hormone does corpus luteum mainly produce?

A

Progesterone

53
Q

Calculate Blood pressure

A

BP= CO x TPR

54
Q

What is the effect of aldosterone on the kidney?

A

Acts on DCT and collecting ducts by binding to intracellular mineral corticoid receptor that translocates to the nucleus

55
Q

What is the primary physiological function of aldosterone?

A

Acts on dct and collecting duct to increase sodium reabsorption in the distal nephron to maintain sodium balance

56
Q

What 2 factors stimulate production of ADH?

A

Change in osmotic pressure

Volume status

57
Q

What is the main physiological effect of activated vitamin D?

A

Bone growth

Mineral metabolism

58
Q

Name 2 places that are involved in the activation of vitamin D? List their substrate and product

A

kidneys- -calcidiol —-> cholecalciferol

Liver to vitamin D is cholecalciferol —-> calcitriol 25- dihydroxy vit d

59
Q

What proportion people vit d deficient in winter?

A

95% of Caucasian

60
Q

2 groups of people in UK who are susceptible to vitamin D deficiency?

A

Elderly, young, Caucasian, eczema

61
Q

Name 4 rotator cuff muscles

A

Subscapularis, supraspinatus, infraspinatus and teres minor

62
Q

Innervation of axillary nerve?
Sensory:
Motor:

A

Sensory - skin over lower deltoid

Motor - teres minor and deltoid

63
Q

What initiates abduction from the rotary cuff muscle

A

From the rotator cuff muscles

Supraspinatus

64
Q

What are the actions that lift arm above head apart from actions at shoulder joint?

A

SUPRASPINATUS
DELTOID
TRAPEZIUS
SERRATUS ANTERIOR

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