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PAST PAPERS > 2011 SAQ > Flashcards

2011 SAQ Flashcards

1
Q

2 regions of stomach

A

Fundus, cardia, pylorus, body, antrum

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2
Q

Where are gastrin, hcl, IF, pepsinogen produced

What part of stomach are the formed

A

G cells - Gastrin - body
HCL - parietal cells
IF - Parietal cells
Pepsinogen - chief cells

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3
Q

Apart from gastrin what factors stimulate parietal cells?

A

Ach Histamine

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4
Q

what 3 processes would you advise for someone to stop smoking

A

ready, steady, stop

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5
Q

2 reasons someone might not be able to quit

A

Addiction, dependence, enjoyment

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6
Q

what 2 aids would you give someone that smokes

A

NRT

CBT

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7
Q

2 non respiratory conditions smokers are at risk of

A

Heart disease
Myocardial infarction
Stroke
Diabetes

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8
Q

What is present in segmental bronchi but not respiratory bronchioles?

A

Cartilage

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9
Q

What three things comprise a respiratory acinus?

A

Resp bronchiole + alveolar duct + alveolus

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10
Q

What part of your respiratory tract lies behind sternal angle?

A

Carina - t4

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11
Q

Which glucocorticoid is the most common in man?

A

Cortisol

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12
Q

Which two anatomical areas are involved in glucocorticoids negative feedback loops?

A

Hypothalamus and anterior pituitary

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13
Q

What two hormones does glucorticoids inhibit?

A

ACTH, CRH, glucagon

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14
Q

Which hormone from the pituitary gland stimulates the release of glucocorticoids and what class of receptor does it bind to?

A

ACTH – g protein coupled receptor
(remember – all hypothalamic and pituitary hormones act on G-protein coupled receptors and organs act on nuclear receptors)

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15
Q

How do you calculate BMI?

A

Wt kg /height2

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16
Q

. Name three conditions that are exacerbated or caused by weight gain

A

Coronary heart disease, diabetes, osteoporosis,

17
Q

Name two individual reasons that are causing the increase in childhood obesity

A

Technology development –video games, using car instead of walking / public transport

18
Q

. Name two factors that contribute to the obesogenic lifestyle

A

Taking car instead of walking

Opting for fast food / unhealthier food because it’s cheaper and easily available

19
Q
  1. What two hormones from the pituitary influence the menstrual cycle?
A

FSH and LH

20
Q
  1. How does progesterone act on the uterus (two things)?
A

Thickening of the lining (to prevent miscarriage)

Prevents uterine smooth muscle contraction

21
Q

A biopsy of mid-secretory phase endometrium is normal. Give three histological features that will be seen.

Must know

A

Glands becoming tortuous
Formation of spiral arteries
Stromal oedema

22
Q

What hormone does the normal pregnancy test look for?

A

hcg

23
Q

. Name two effects that oestrogen has on the endometrium

A

Uterine SM growth

Softening of cervix and pelvic ligaments

24
Q

By the 28th week what 3 changes would there be in an embryos cardiorespiratory system?

A

Day 22- heart beat
Wk 24 – surfactant
Wk 20 – ductus arteriosus opens

25
Q

Name one hormone from the pituitary and one from the chorion/decidua that induce labour

A

Pituitary – oxytocin,

Chorion/decidua – PGs

26
Q

What anatomical site is affected in Parkinson’s

A

Substantia Nigra

27
Q

Give three other components of the Basal Ganglia

A

Caudate, putamen, globus pallidus

28
Q

What site does brain stimulation affect?

A

Subthalamic Nucleus

29
Q

What is the neurotransmitter deficit in Huntington’s disease?

A

GABA

30
Q

Which anatomical area is affected in Huntington’s?

A

Striatum – caudate nucleus

31
Q

Patient’s wife complains of wasting in the thenar muscles and loss of sensation in thumb and first two fingers. Which nerve is compressed and what structure is compressing it?

A

Median and flexor retinaculum

32
Q

. Give four features of pain as defined by the international pain society??

A

Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with an actual or potential damage to tissue,
Nociception, pain perception, suffering, pain behaviour
Pre-frontal gyrus 🡪 pain awareness
Sensorimotor cortex 🡪 positional awareness
Amygdala 🡪 emotional response to pain

33
Q

A patients Calcium is low but phosphate is normal. What two systemic ‘hormones’ are responsible for the abnormailities.

A

PTH and calcitonin

34
Q

. Name three ways that the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract and upper gut contribute to innate immunity

A

Mucus traps bacteria
Muco-ciliary escalator wafts to top of oesophagus
Swallowed and degraded by the low pH of the HCl in the stomach

35
Q

What two areas of the body have a low pH to combat bacteria?

A

Stomach and vagina

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