Research Process

Question 1

Hypothesis

Answer 1

a testable statement predicting the outcomes of a study

Question 2

types of hypothesis

Answer 2

Non-directional, directional and null

Question 3

Non-directional hypotheses

Answer 3

predicts that there will be a relationship between the variables, but does not specify the direction of the relationship

Question 4

Directional hypotheses

Answer 4

predicts that there will be a specific relationship between the variables

Question 5

Null hypotheses

Answer 5

any relationship that is found between the variables are purely due to chance

Question 6

Operationalisation

Answer 6

defining variables to accurately manipulate, measure, quantify, and replicate

Question 7

Pilot studies

Answer 7

conducted to analyse the technical and financial risks and to assess the feasibility of the study

Question 8

Standardised procedures

Answer 8

important to ensure that all participants undergo the same procedure. This helps to increase reliability and replicability.

Question 9

types of Sampling methods

Answer 9

Opportunity sampling, Volunteer sampling & Random sampling

Question 10

Opportunity sampling

Answer 10

participants are chosen because they are available

Question 11

Opportunity sampling Strengths

Answer 11

Quicker and easier than other methods

Question 12

Opportunity sampling Weakness

Answer 12

Likely to be non-representative, as people from the same area may be a biased sample

Question 13

Volunteer sampling

Answer 13

participants are invited to participate. Those who reply will be part of the sample

Question 14

Volunteer sampling Strengths

Answer 14

participants are likely to stay committed and would be willing to return for repeated testing

Question 15

Volunteer sampling Weakness

Answer 15

Sample may be unrepresentative because people who respond may be similar (they may have free time)

Question 16

Random sampling

Answer 16

all participants are chosen randomly. Could be with a draw, or random number generator

Question 17

Random sampling Strengths

Answer 17

Sample is likely to be representative of the target population as all type of people has an equal chance of being chosen

Question 18

Random sampling Weakness

Answer 18

Everyone may not be equally chosen. For example, there could be more girls chosen randomly than boys

Question 19

Quantitative Data

Answer 19

data in numerical format

Question 20

Quantitative Data Strengths

Answer 20

objective measure, very reliable, data can be analysed using statistical methods and, data is easy to compare

Question 21

Quantitative Data Weakness

Answer 21

data interpretation may be subjective. Not representative, generalisable, or reliable

Question 22

Qualitative Data

Answer 22

data written in a non-numerical format that often expresses a quality or opinion

Question 23

Qualitative Data Strengths

Answer 23

highly valid, unrequested, but important data is incurred

Question 24

Qualitative Data Weakness

Answer 24

data interpretation may be subjective. Not representative, generalisable, or reliable

Question 25

The measure of central tendency

Answer 25

a mathematical way to find the average score from a data set using themode, median,andmean

Question 26

The measure of spread

Answer 26

a mathematical way to describe the variation within a data set

Question 27

Standard Deviation

Answer 27

the average difference between each score in the data set and the mean

Question 28

T-test

Answer 28

a statistical test used to determine any significant difference between the mean scores of 2 groups

Question 29

Graphs

Answer 29

bar charts, histograms, scatter graphs, and normal distribution curves can be used to provide a visual illustration of the data