the Hispano arabic and folkloric tradition

Question 1

who is Abd al-Rahman I?

Answer 1

‘Abd al-Rahman I (reigned 756-88) managed to escape from the Abbasids and established.an emirate in Spain. He made Cordova the capital of Andalusia.

Question 2

Muslim rule in Spain lasted?

Answer 2

Muslim rule in Spain lasted from 711 until 1492. Started by the conquest of the Berber commander Tariq bin Ziyad, during the Umayyad Caliphate of al-Walid and ended by the fall of Granada the last stronghold of the Arabs in 1492 CE.

Question 3

when did Andalusia reach its political and military apogee?

Answer 3

Andalusia reached its political and military apogee under the reign of ‘Abd al-Rahman III (912- 61), who declared himself to be the Caliph. It was during his reign that the famous work of Andulusian (literature) was produced.

Question 4

The Caliphate of Córdoba?

Answer 4

(929-1031)

Question 5

The Kingdom of Granada?

Answer 5

(1212–1492)

Question 6

The Emirate directly dependent on the Caliph in Damascus?

Answer 6

(711–756)

Question 7

The Independent Emirate?

Answer 7

(756-929)

Question 8

who is Ibn ‘Abd Rabbihi?

Answer 8

Ibn ‘Abd Rabbihi (d. 940) was a Moorish writer and poet. and Widely known for his great anthology al-ʿIqd al-Farīd (The Unique Necklace), a work divided into 25 sections. The 13th section is named the middle jewel of the necklace, and the chapters on either side are named after other jewels. It is an adab book resembling the writings of al-Jahiz from which it borrows largely. The chapters of this book cover wide range of topics, including poetry, religion, lives of the famous, geography…

Question 9

who is ibn hazm?

Answer 9

Ibn Hazm (d. 1064) was a jurist, a theologian and in his early age wrote a book on love Tawq al-Hamama ( Dove’s Necklace), a work on chivalric love and is universally recognized as one of the greatest classics of medieval literature. Tawq al-Hamama is a treatise on psychology and manifestations of love in joy and sorrow.

Question 10

where did Arab and European literature emerged?

Answer 10

It was in Andalusia that Arab and European literatures merged.

Question 11

when did Andalusia developed its own style?

Answer 11

Andalusian poetry first imitated eastern models. It developed its own style around the 11th century.

Question 12

Andalusian poets during the early centuries of Arab rule imitated the neoclassical school exemplified by al-Mutanabbi

t/f

Answer 12

true

Question 13

what was the precursors of the songs of love and chivalry of medieval Europe.

Answer 13

Most probably that the Andalusian zajal and muwashahat

Question 14

what is zajal?

Answer 14

Zajal is a traditional form of oral strophic poetry in a colloquial dialect. and This art moved by Ummayads to al-Andalus.

Question 15

is zajal sung?

Answer 15

Zajal is semi-improvised and semi-sung and is often performed in the format of a debate between zajjalin (poets who improvise the zajal). It is usually accompanied by percussive musical instruments and a chorus of men who sing parts of the verse.

Question 16

who is Ibn Quzman?

Answer 16

Ibn Quzman (d.1160) was the single most famous poet in the history of al-Andalus and he is also considered to be one of its most original. 
He has earned his fame by his zajals.

Question 17

what is Muwashahat?

Answer 17

The muwashshah is written in Classical Arabic, and is more courtly than zajal. It rose from the fusion of Arabic and Provencal culture.

Question 18

how is the muwashshah divided into?

Answer 18

The muwashshah is usually divided into five strophes, or stanzas, each numbering four, five, or six lines. The last part is called kharjah or envoi.

and Among its practitioners are al-Tutaili (d. 1126) and Lisan al-Din ibn al-Khatib (d. 1374)

Question 19

1. What is it that distinguishes the folkloric literary tradition from other forms of Arabic literature?

Answer 19

• Adventure and love are the main topics of Arabic folk epics
• These epics or romances have preserved their attraction in the Arabic world to the present time: they are still narrated in the cafés of some old Arabian cities, and in villages and in the less-modernized habitats of the Arabic world.

Question 20

2. What is the most popular form of the folkloric tradition? Mention three examples.

Answer 20

The Epic of ʿ Antara ibn Shaddad (around 4,000 pages)
The Epic of al- Dhahir Baibars (around 5,000 pages)
The Epic of Princess Dhat al-Himma and Her Son, Prince ʿ Abdul Wahhab (around 5,000 pages)

Question 21

Alf Layla wa Layla was rarely mentioned by the Arabs and was not considered as a classical work of Arab literature.

Answer 21

It wasn’t a revered classic of Arab literature. Only recently the Nights’ importance as a folklore has been recognized.

Question 22

Sira?

Answer 22

Entire Tribe:
Sirat Banu Hilal

Individual:
Sirat ‘Antar

Question 23

The famous Hilali epic?

Answer 23

Sirat Bani Hilal , which has two major renditions: a prose rendition of about two thousand pages, and a poetry rendition collected and recorded by the poet ʿAbd al-Rahman al-Abnudi and constituting a quarter of a million poetry quartets

Question 24

3. Alf Laylah wa Laylah contains stories that seem to have been added at different places and times.

Answer 24

One Thousand and One Nights/Kitāb Alf Layla wa Layla is a collection of folk tales compiled in Arabic during the Islamic Golden Age. It is often known incorrectly in English as the Arabian Nights.

Question 25

Alf Laylah wa Laylah: The Thousand and One Night

Answer 25

• First translated with outstanding success in the beginning of the 18th century by the French scholar Antoine Galland.
• In the Arabic world, before the mid of the twentieth century the work was rarely mentioned, and then only with disfavor.
• It wasn’t a revered classic of Arab literature. Only recently the Nights’ importance as a folklore has been recognized.

Question 26

what’s the Most reproduced, transmitted and translated text in classical Arabic literature, after One Thousand and One Nights?

Answer 26

Ḥayy b. Yaqẓān, “Alive son of Awake,”

Question 27

who wrote a Unique in pre-modern Arabic literature is a philosophical romance?

Answer 27

Ibn Ṭufayl (c.504–81/c.1110–85)

who took a folk story about a child brought up by a gazelle on a desert island and developed it into a well-sustained fictional narrative in which the eponymous hero, Ḥayy b. Yaqẓān, “Alive son of Awake,” gradually discovers the ultimate truth, entirely by the exercise of his natural faculties, and eventually establishes that his conclusion is identical with Qurʾānic revelation as understood not by the common people but by the elite.