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AQA A Level History Industrialisation and the People: Britain 1783-1885 (1F) > Chapter 6 - Wartime pressures on government > Flashcards

Chapter 6 - Wartime pressures on government Flashcards

1
Q

Who formed the first coalition against France?

A

Britain, Prussia, Austria, Holland and Spain

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2
Q

When was the first coalition against France formed?

A

1793

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3
Q

When did the first coalition collapse?

A

1795

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4
Q

Who formed the second coalition against France?

A

Britain, Russia, Austria, Portugal, Naples and the Ottomans

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5
Q

When was the second coalition against France formed?

A

1799

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6
Q

When did the second coalition against France collapse?

A

1801

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7
Q

What halted the war between Britain and France in March 1802?

A

The Treaty of Amiens

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8
Q

Why did Addington declare war on France in May 1803?

A

Because Napoleon breached the terms of the treaty of Amiens

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9
Q

Why was Addington criticised for resuming the war against France?

A

Because he had hesitated before doing so, and was then indecisive

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10
Q

Who formed the third coalition against France?

A

Britain, Russia and Austria

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11
Q

When was the third coalition against France formed?

A

1804

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12
Q

When did the third coalition against France collapse?

A

1805

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13
Q

When was the Battle of Trafalgar?

A

October 1805

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14
Q

When did Napoleon issue the Berlin decrees?

A

October 1806

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15
Q

When did Napoleon issue the Milan decrees?

A

December 17th 1807

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16
Q

When did Britain issue the Orders in Council?

A

January 1807

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17
Q

When did the Peninsular war start and why?

A

1807 when France invaded Portugal

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18
Q

When in the 1810s did the USA declare war on Britain?

A

June 1812

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19
Q

Who were the 5 Prime Ministers between Pitt and Liverpool (in chronological order)?

A

Henry Addington, Pitt, Lord Grenville, Duke of Portland, Spencer Perceval

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20
Q

What years was Addington in power?

A

1801-May 1804

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21
Q

What years was Pitt in power for the second time?

A

May 1804- January 1806

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22
Q

What years was Grenville in power?

A

January 1806-07

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23
Q

What years was Portland in power?

A

1807-09

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24
Q

What years was Spencer Perceval in power?

A

1809-May 1812

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25
Q

When was the Prince of Wales made Regent?

A

1811

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26
Q

When was the Levee en Masse Act introduced?

A

July 1803

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27
Q

What did the Levee en Masse Act do?

A

Raised a home guard almost 800,000 strong by listing all men aged 17-55 who were to be armed, trained and ready to fight

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28
Q

What did Addington do to help the war effort?

A
  • Introduced efficiencies in income tax in 1803 to boost funds
  • Believed it was important to defeat Napoleon at sea so ordered a blockade of French ports and a cleanup of corruption within the Navy Board
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29
Q

When did Pitt die?

A

23rd January 1806

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30
Q

What treaty did Russia sign with Napoleon, ending the third coalition?

A

Treaty of Tilsit

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31
Q

When did the disastrous Walcheren expedition on the Dutch coast occur?

A

1809

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32
Q

What did the Berlin Decrees say?

A

That Britain was in a state of blockade and that European trade with Britain was forbidden

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33
Q

Why was Grenville against the Orders in Council?

A

He believed in free trade

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34
Q

What was Napoleon’s system of not trading with Britain called?

A

Continental System

35
Q

What did the Orders in Council say?

A

That all countries which excluded British ships would be subjected to a British blockade, and that neutral ships which traded with blockaded ports would have restrictions imposed upon them

36
Q

How did Napoleon sabotage his own blockade?

A

During the harvest shortages of 1808-10 in Britain he allowed the export of French wheat under license

37
Q

How did Napoleon turn the Spanish against him?

A

By marching his troops through Spain to get to Portugal, and by using bullying tactics

38
Q

How was British trade with Portugal affected by Napoleon’s Continental Blockade?

A

It actually increased fivefold

39
Q

What was the Bank of England forced to do in 1797 due to the fall in price of government stock?

A

Suspend payments in gold and implement a paper currency to avert a serious financial crisis

40
Q

What was the National Debt at the start of the French Wars?

A

Around £228 million

41
Q

What was the National Debt in 1801?

A

£456 million

42
Q

What was the National Debt in 1815?

A

£876 million

43
Q

Why was Pitt’s Sinking Fund a failure in wartime?

A

The price of borrowing money had risen, but Pitt would not renege on the debt

44
Q

When did Pitt introduce income tax for the first time and why?

A

1798 as an alternative to raising loans

45
Q

Why was money needed in the French wars apart from to pay for British army supplies?

A

To pay subsidies to keep Britain’s allies in the field

46
Q

What was the rate of Pitt’s income tax of 1798?

A

A maximum rate of 10% on all incomes over £60

47
Q

What did Pitt do in 1805 to income tax?

A

Imposed it on all incomes over £150

48
Q

What had income tax begun to do by 1806?

A

Offset some of the high costs of war and help Britain’s financial recovery

49
Q

What increased demand for coal, iron and Watt’s steam engines during the French wars?

A

Demand for armaments boosting demand for coal and iron, which in turn needed more steam engines to help manufacture them

50
Q

What stimulated the textile industry during the French wars?

A

The need for uniforms and blankets for the armies and navies of Britain, her allies and even her own enemies

51
Q

Apart from to sell wheat, why was Napoleon forced to lift his own blockade from time to time?

A

To buy much-needed British greatcoats and boots for his armies

52
Q

What was the cause of a serious economic and political crisis in 1810-11?

A

The government’s continued issuing of Orders in Council

53
Q

How did most merchants and manufacturers see the Orders in Council?

A

Unnecessary government interference, especially when the USA closed its ports to British and French shipping, which caused them to clamour for the Orders’ removal

54
Q

What did some British merchants see the Orders in Council as an opportunity to do?

A

Switch their trade to South American countries eager for British goods

55
Q

What happened when British manufacturers started trading with South America because of the Orders in Council?

A

They over-produced and within months faced an economic collapse

56
Q

What were some problems in 1810-11 apart from overproduction?

A
  • Two consecutive harvests failed
  • Several banks collapsed
  • There was a shortage of cash
  • Overproduction of banknotes
  • Inflation
57
Q

What did the demand for uniforms do apart from stimulating the textile industry?

A

Stimulated the development of more productive machinery, leading to unemployment amongst traditional hand workers

58
Q

What was the average price of wheat in 1793?

A

£2.70 a quarter

59
Q

What was the average price of wheat between 1803-13?

A

92 shillings a quarter

60
Q

When did the price of wheat peak during the French wars and at what price?

A

1812 at £6.30

61
Q

What type of machine destroyed the livelihood of skilled handloom workers?

A

The power loom

62
Q

Which places had outbreaks of unrest and some machine breaking in the early 1810s as a result of increased mechanisation?

A

The manufacturing districts of Yorkshire, Lancashire, Nottingham and Derby

63
Q

When was unrest in the manufacturing districts of Northern England first associated with the Luddites?

A

After 1811

64
Q

What did handloom weavers petition Parliament for, only to have it rejected in 1808?

A

A Minimum Wage Bill

65
Q

What happened when Parliament rejected the Minimum Wage Bill petition in 1808?

A

There was serious rioting, followed by a strike which only ended when employers agreed to a wage rise for the weavers

66
Q

When was there a significant phase of price rises in Britain in the 1810s?

A

1811-14, when they rose to a level higher than at any time in the 19th century

67
Q

What reasons contributed to the price rises from 1811-14?

A
  • A failure by the Bank of England to agree to a resumption of cash payments
  • Too many banks notes being issued (which caused inflation)
  • Commercial speculation
  • Poor harvests
68
Q

What were diets like in 1811-14?

A

Less varied than previously- many urban and rural poor were starving

69
Q

What was there a drop in the purchases of in the years 1811-14?

A

Non-food items

70
Q

Who benefited from price rises in the 1811-14 period and why?

A

Farmers and landowners, because rents and profits rose

71
Q

How did Spencer Perceval die?

A

He was shot in the lobby of Parliament

72
Q

Why did labouring classes grow resentful during the French wars?

A

They could see others profiting from the war, but most of them were suffering because of it

73
Q

What cabinet roles had Lord Liverpool filled before becoming Prime Minister?

A

Foreign Secretary, Home Secretary and Secretary of War and the Colonies

74
Q

What is Viscount Sidmouth’s other name?

A

Henry Addington, ex-PM

75
Q

Who did Lord Liverpool appoint as his PM?

A

Viscount Sidmouth, a.k.a. Henry Addington

76
Q

What was the population in 1801?

A

10.5 million

77
Q

What was the population in 1811?

A

12 million

78
Q

How did Britain change demographically during the years of the French Wars?

A

There were fewer but larger farms, so much migration from rural to urban areas

79
Q

What is an example of a prominent radical MP in Parliament in the 1810s and when was he first elected?

A

Sir Francis Burdett, elected 1807

80
Q

What were Jeremy Bentham’s ideas about reform?

A

That political reform must come before any other reform

81
Q

When was the Hampden Club founded?

A

1812

82
Q

Who founded the Hampden Club?

A

A group of leading radicals

83
Q

Who launched the Political Register in 1802?

A

William Cobbett

84
Q

What did the Political Register do?

A

Exposed the government’s mishandling of the war and, in 1806, spoke out against corruption in parliamentary elections

AQA A Level History Industrialisation and the People: Britain 1783-1885 (1F) (27 decks)

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