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Core studies > Loftus and Palmer - Cognitive area > Flashcards

Loftus and Palmer - Cognitive area Flashcards

1
Q

What is an Eye witness testimony? (3 BPs)
What term?
Refers to what?
Some people may?

BACKGROUND

A
  • It is a legal term
  • It refers to an account given by the people of an event they have witnessed
  • Some may have to give a description of a robbery or road accident
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2
Q

Why is EWT so important in law? (2 BPs)

BACKGROUND

A
  • Juries tend to pay close attention to EWT

- They find it to be a reliable source of information

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3
Q

What are psychological factors that can affect EWT? (4 BPs)

BACKGROUND

A
  • Anxiety/Stress
  • Reconstructive memory
  • Weapon focus
  • Leading questions (L+P)
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4
Q

What is reconstructive memory (3 BPs) Bartlett
What does he believe that memory is not like?
What does it not faithfully do?
How does it change memory?

BACKGROUND

A
  • Bartlett believes that the memory is not like a tape recorder
  • It doesn’t faithfully play back our experiences
  • It changes or reconstructs them imaginatively
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5
Q

Are our memories accurate?

BACKGROUND

A
  • No, memories are not accurate
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6
Q

What are leading questions? (2 BPs)
What affect can it have on a person?

BACKGROUND

A
  • A question that prompts or encourages the answer wanted

- The way a person is questioned can affect how they recall events/memories

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7
Q

What was the aim of the first experiment?

AIM

A

The aim of the first experiment was to investigate the accuracy of memory and, in paticular, the effect of leading questions on what people remember

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8
Q

What was the aim of the second experiment?

AIM

A

The aim of the second experiment was to see if the leading questions changed a person’s memory of the event they witnessed

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9
Q

What experimental method was used?

RESEARCH METHOD

A

laboratory experiment

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10
Q

What was the experimental design used?

A

Independent measures design

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11
Q

What was the first experiment? (Snapshot or Longitudinal?)

RESEARCH METHOD

A
  • Snapshot
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12
Q

What was the second experiment? (Snapshot or Longitudinal)

RESEARCH METHOD

A
  • Longitudinal
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13
Q

What was the IV for the first experiment? (2)

A
  • IV - the wording of the critical question hidden in a questionnaire
  • ‘About how fast were the cars going when they hit / smashed / collided / contacted / bumped into each other?
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14
Q

What was the DV in the first experiment?

A

Speed estimate in mph

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15
Q

What was the IV in the second experiment? (5)

A
  • The wording on a question in the questionnaire
  • ‘About how fast were the cars going when they ____ into each other?
  • Group 1: Smashed
  • Group 2: Hit
  • Control: No question about speed
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16
Q

What was the DV in the second experiment?

A

Whether the participants responded with YES/NO to the critical question

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17
Q

After how long were the participants asked the critical question in experiment two?

RESEARCH METHOD

A
  • 1 week
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18
Q

What was the critical question in experiment two?

RESEARCH METHOD

A

Did you see any broken glass? YES/NO

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19
Q

What university was this experiment conducted in?

SAMPLE

A
  • University of Washington
20
Q

How many participants were in experiment one? (2)

SAMPLE

A
  • 45 students

- divided into 5 groups with 9 participants in each group

21
Q

How many participants were in experiment two? (2)

SAMPLE

A
  • 150 students

- divided into 3 groups with 50 participats in each group

22
Q

What sampling technique was used?

ST

A

Opportunity sampling - students free and readily available

23
Q

How many clips were P’s shown? (2)

EXP 1 PROCEDURE

A
  • 7 clips of different traffic accidents

- Originally apart of a driver saftey film

24
Q

What happened after the clips were shown? (3)

EXP 1 PROCEDURE

A
  • Participants were given a questionnaire
  • The questionnaire asked them to describe the accident
  • Asked them to answer a series of questions about the accident
25
Q

What was the critical question in the questionnaire?

EXP 1 PROCEDURE

A

About how fast were the cars going when they ___ (smashed, collided, bumped, hit, contacted’ each other

26
Q

How long was the film and what did it contain? (2)

EXP 2 PROCEDURE

A
  • 1 minute film

- Contained a 4-second multiple car crash

27
Q

After P’s watched the film, what happened?

EXP 2 PROCEDURE

A

P’s given a questionnaire which asked them to describe the accident and answer a set of questions about the incident

28
Q

What was the critical question? (4)

EXP 2 PROCEDURE

A
  • About how fast were the cars going when they __ into each other
  • Group 1: Smashed
  • Group 2: Hit
  • Control: Not asked about speed
29
Q

What happened one week later? (2)

EXP 2 PROCEDURE

A
  • P’s, without seeing the film again

- Completed another questionnaire about the accident which contained the further critical question

30
Q

What was the critical question? (2)

EXP 2 PROCEDURE

A
  • Did you see any broken glass - Yes/No?

- There had been no broken glass

31
Q

What was the critical question? (2)

EXP 2 PROCEDURE

A
  • Did you see any broken glass - Yes/No?

- There had been no broken glass

32
Q

What was the mean speed estimate for the verb smashed?

EXP 1 RESULTS

A

40.5

33
Q

What was the mean speed estimate for the verb collided?

EXP 1 RESULTS

A
  • 39.3
34
Q

What was the mean speed estimate for the verb bumped?

EXP 1 RESULTS

A

38.1

35
Q

What was the mean speed estimate for the verb hit?

EXP 1 RESULTS

A

34.0

36
Q

What was the mean speed estimate for the verb contacted?

EXP 1 RESULTS

A

31.8

37
Q

What verb produced the highest estimate?

EXP 1 RESULTS

A

Smashed

38
Q

What was the film of a crash at 20mph estimated to be?

EXP 1 RESULTS

A

37.7

39
Q

What was the film of a crash at 30mph estimated to be?

EXP 1 RESULTS

A

36.3

40
Q

What was the film of a crash at 40mph estimated to be? (2)

EXP 1 RESULTS

A

39.7 and 36.1

41
Q

How many people in the smashed condition reported seeing glass?

EXP 2 RESULTS

A

16

42
Q

How many people in the hit condition reported seeing glass?

EXP 2 RESULTS

A

7

43
Q

How many people in the control condition reported seeing glass?

EXP 2 RESULTS

A
  • 6
44
Q

Does a verb influence participant response?

CONCLUSIONS

A

The verb used in a question influences a participant’s response ie the way a question is phrased influences the answer given

45
Q

Are people good at judging vehicular speed?

CONCLUSIONS

A
  • No

- People are not very good at judging vehicular speed

46
Q

Can post event information distort an individual’s memory? (2 BPs)

CONCLUSIONS

A
  • Yes

- Misleading post event information can distort an individual’s memory

Core studies (20 decks)

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