1.14

Question 1

Erythrocytes

Answer 1

Hemoglobin-rich, red blood cells that transport oxygen through a body. Erythrocytes give the red color to vertebrate blood and do not have nuclei.

Question 2

Leukocytes

Answer 2

One of the many cells in the blood that lack hemoglobin but have a nucleus and are active in the immune response.

Question 3

Thrombocytes

Answer 3

A minute, colorless, anucleate disk-like body of mammalian blood that assists in blood clotting by adhering to other platelets and damaged epithelium.

Question 4

Plasma

Answer 4

A minute, colorless, anucleate disk-like body of mammalian blood that assists in blood clotting by adhering to other platelets and damaged epithelium.

Question 5

Hemoglobin

Answer 5

A protein found in red blood cells that transports oxygen.

Question 6

Antigens

Answer 6

Anything that stimulates an immune response.

Question 7

Positive Control

Answer 7

In an experiment, the group that the researcher expects to have a positive result, to show that the experimental setup was capable of producing results.

Question 8

Negative Control

Answer 8

In an experiment, the group in which the conditions produce a negative outcome. Negative control groups help identify outside influences that were not accounted for when the procedure was created.

Question 9

ABO System

Answer 9

A system of four types (A, AB, B, and O) which human blood is classified into, based on the presence or absence of certain antigens.

Question 10

Antibodies

Answer 10

A protein produced by B cells in the blood; works to impair pathogens. Also called an immunoglobulin.

Question 11

Agglutination

Answer 11

The clumping of particles.

Question 12

Standard Curve

Answer 12

A graph that plots known values which then allows the same properties to be determined for unknown samples by interpolation on the graph.

Question 13

Falling Droplets

Answer 13

When a droplet of blood is dropped directly from above and strikes a horizontal surface at 90°, it produces a circular stain.

Question 13

Transfers (blood patterns)

Answer 13

Transfers occur when a blood source comes into contact with a surface. If a victim crawled on the floor or the body was dragged, then there would be smears or trails on the floor. Smudges, smears, or bloody fingerprints or handprints on furniture or doors could indicate a struggle in the room.

Question 14

Splatters

Answer 14

Spatters are produced when a source of liquid blood travels through the air before landing on a target surface.

Question 15

Blood splatters with Force and Direction

Answer 15

In this example, spatters with an elliptical or elongated shape struck the surface at an angle. This often means that an external force was applied that provided horizontal velocity, speed in a given direction, to the droplets. The more elongated the droplet, the faster they were moving. The long tail of each droplet indicates the direction it was moving when it struck the surface.

Question 16

Radial Splatter

Answer 16

In this example, there was an impact (the larger pool), which sent blood droplets traveling away from the impact at high speed. This means the impact occured with significant force.

Question 17

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

Answer 17

A type of nucleic acid consisting of nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T). DNA is double-stranded and helical and functions in protein synthesis and as the genome of some viruses.

Question 18

Proteins

Answer 18

A three-dimensional polymer made of amino acid monomers. A protein’s form and function are determined by a cell’s nucleic acid sequence.

Question 18

Nucleotides

Answer 18

A building block of DNA that consists of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group.

Question 19

Adenine

Answer 19

A component of nucleic acids found in DNA and RNA and in the energy-carrying molecule, ATP. Adenine is a purine base.

Question 20

Helix

Answer 20

A three-dimensional spiral.

Question 21

Thymine

Answer 21

A component of the nucleic acid, DNA; a pyrimidine base.

Question 22

Guanine

Answer 22

A component of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA); a purine base.

Question 23

Cytosine

Answer 23

A component of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA); a pyrimidine base.

Question 24

Gene

Answer 24

A sequence of nucleotides that codes for a protein, resulting in a specific phenotype.

Question 25

Genome

Answer 25

A complete set of the genes in one organism.

Question 26

Cells

Answer 26

The smallest unit of life.

Question 27

Organelles

Answer 27

Tiny structures that perform a function in a cell. Functions can include: producing energy, housing DNA, packaging proteins, and more.

Question 28

Prokaryotic

Answer 28

Lacking membrane-bound organelles. Unicellular organisms are prokaryotic.

Question 29

Eukaryotic

Answer 29

Organisms that have membrane-bound organelles.

Question 30

Chromosomes

Answer 30

Tightly coiled DNA that is found in the nuclei of cells.

Question 31

Histones

Answer 31

A protein that DNA winds around to condense into a chromosome.

Question 31

Polymerase Chain Reaction

Answer 31

A laboratory technique for amplifying DNA in-vitro. Uses a thermocycler, primers, DNA polymerase, and nucleotides.

Question 32

Restriction Enzyme

Answer 32

A degradative enzyme that recognizes specific nucleotide sequences and cuts DNA at these sequences called restriction sites. Also known as a restriction endonuclease.

Question 33

Restriction Digestion

Answer 33

The process of cutting DNA molecules into smaller pieces using restriction enzymes.

Question 34

Recognition Sites

Answer 34

A sequence of DNA where a restriction enzyme cuts.

Question 35

Gel Electrophoresis

Answer 35

The separation of nucleic acids or proteins on the basis of their size and electrical charge for analytical purposes.

Question 36

Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPS)